{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T19:05:35Z","timestamp":1761419135691,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,10]],"date-time":"2017-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002790","name":"Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Nature et Technologies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel fully differential difference CMOS potentiostat suitable for neurotransmitter sensing is presented. The described architecture relies on a fully differential difference amplifier (FDDA) circuit to detect a wide range of reduction-oxidation currents, while exhibiting low-power consumption and low-noise operation. This is made possible thanks to the fully differential feature of the FDDA, which allows to increase the source voltage swing without the need for additional dedicated circuitry. The FDDA also reduces the number of amplifiers and passive elements in the potentiostat design, which lowers the overall power consumption and noise. The proposed potentiostat was fabricated in 0.18 \u00b5m CMOS, with 1.8 V supply voltage. The device achieved 5 \u00b5A sensitivity and 0.99 linearity. The input-referred noise was 6.9 \u00b5V     rms     and the flicker noise was negligible. The total power consumption was under 55 \u00b5W. The complete system was assembled on a 20 mm \u00d7 20 mm platform that includes the potentiostat chip, the electrode terminals and an instrumentation amplifier for redox current buffering, once converted to a voltage by a series resistor. the chip dimensions were 1 mm \u00d7 0.5 mm and the other PCB components were off-chip resistors, capacitors and amplifiers for data acquisition. The system was successfully tested with ferricyanide, a stable electroactive compound, and validated with dopamine, a popular neurotransmitter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]],"date-time":"2017-04-13T02:39:17Z","timestamp":1492051157000},"page":"810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Miniaturized FDDA and CMOS Based Potentiostat for Bio-Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Elnaz","family":"Ghodsevali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LABioTRON Bioeng. Research Laboratory, ECE Dept. Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Morneau-Gamache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABioTRON Bioeng. Research Laboratory, ECE Dept. Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3250-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessy","family":"Mathault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABioTRON Bioeng. Research Laboratory, ECE Dept. Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Landari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABioTRON Bioeng. Research Laboratory, ECE Dept. Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9lodie","family":"Boisselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4894-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mounir","family":"Boukadoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CoFaMic, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2L 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Gosselin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Microsystems Laboratory, ECE Dept. 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