{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T09:12:20Z","timestamp":1773393140475,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]],"date-time":"2017-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The consistent growth in human life expectancy during the recent years has driven governments and private organizations to increase the efforts in caring for the eldest segment of the population. These institutions have built hospitals and retirement homes that have been rapidly overfilled, making their associated maintenance and operating costs prohibitive. The latest advances in technology and communications envisage new ways to monitor those people with special needs at their own home, increasing their quality of life in a cost-affordable way. The purpose of this paper is to present an Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) platform able to analyze, identify, and detect specific acoustic events happening in daily life environments, which enables the medic staff to remotely track the status of every patient in real-time. Additionally, this tele-care proposal is validated through a proof-of-concept experiment that takes benefit of the capabilities of the NVIDIA Graphical Processing Unit running on a Jetson TK1 board to locally detect acoustic events. Conducted experiments demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by reaching an overall accuracy of 82% when identifying a set of 14 indoor environment events related to the domestic surveillance and patients\u2019 behaviour monitoring field. Obtained results encourage practitioners to keep working in this direction, and enable health care providers to remotely track the status of their patients in real-time with non-invasive methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]],"date-time":"2017-04-13T10:55:44Z","timestamp":1492080944000},"page":"854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["homeSound: Real-Time Audio Event Detection Based on High Performance Computing for Behaviour and Surveillance Remote Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2261-5471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Alsina-Pag\u00e8s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GTM\u2014Grup de recerca en Tecnologies M\u00e8dia, La Salle\u2014Universitat Ramon Llull, C\/Quatre Camins, 30, 08022 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3916-9279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GRITS\u2014Grup de Recerca en Internet Technologies &amp; Storage, La Salle\u2014Universitat Ramon Llull, C\/Quatre Camins, 30, 08022 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1921-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesc","family":"Al\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GTM\u2014Grup de recerca en Tecnologies M\u00e8dia, La Salle\u2014Universitat Ramon Llull, C\/Quatre Camins, 30, 08022 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2021-9264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Herv\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GTM\u2014Grup de recerca en Tecnologies M\u00e8dia, La Salle\u2014Universitat Ramon Llull, C\/Quatre Camins, 30, 08022 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Suzman, R., and Beard, J. (2015). Global Health and Aging\u2014Living Longer."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"United Nations (2015). World Population Ageing: 2015, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (Population Division)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Institute on Aging (2007). Growing Older in America: The Health and Retirement Study."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.27.4.1052","article-title":"The health of aging populations in China and India","volume":"27","author":"Chatterji","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Lafortune, G., and Balestat, G. (2007). Trends in Severe Disability among Elderly People. Assessing the Evidence in 12 OECD Countries and the Future Implications, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. OECD Health Working Papers 26."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2012.2234129","article-title":"A survey on Ambient-Assisted Living tools for older adults","volume":"17","author":"Rashidi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vacher, M., Portet, F., Fleury, A., and Noury, N. (2010, January 1\u20133). Challenges in the Processing of Audio Channels for Ambient Assisted Living. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on e-Health Networking Applications and Services (Healthcom), Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/HEALTH.2010.5556546"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guyot, P., Valero, X., Pinquier, J., and Al\u00edas, F. (2013, January 15\u201319). Two-Step Detection of Water Sound Events for the Diagnostic and Monitoring of Dementia. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2013.6607558"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Valero, X., Al\u00edas, F., Guyot, P., and Pinquier, J. (2013, January 22). Assisting Doctors in the Diagnostic and Follow-up of Dementia Using the Sound Information from Wearable Sensors. Proceedings of the 4th R+D+i Workshop on ICT & Health, Girona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"2","article-title":"An extended view on benefits and barriers of Ambient Assisted Living solutions","volume":"7","author":"Jaschinski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"161","article-title":"Acoustic user interfaces for ambient assisted living technologies","volume":"34","author":"Goetze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inform. Health Soc. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Cobos, M., Perez-Solano, J.J., and Berger, L.T. (2016). Acoustic-Based Technologies for Ambient Assisted Living. Introduction to Smart eHealth and eCare Technologies, Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2013.020413.122896","article-title":"Solutions to the Computer Networking Challenges of the Distribution Smart Grid","volume":"17","author":"Selga","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5296\/npa.v8i1.8727","article-title":"Security issues and threats that may affect the hybrid cloud of FINESCE","volume":"8","author":"Corral","year":"2016","journal-title":"Netw. Protoc. Algorithms"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3233\/AIS-160405","article-title":"Privacy Challenges in Ambient Intelligence Systems. Lessons Learned, Gaps and Perspectives from the AAL Domain and Applications","volume":"8","author":"Caire","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Smart Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Mao, Y., You, C., Zhang, J., Huang, K., and Letaief, K.B. (IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., 2017). Mobile Edge Computing: Survey and Research Outlook, IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mach, P., and Becvar, Z. (2017). Mobile Edge Computing: A Survey on Architecture and Computation Offloading. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2682318"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Alsina-Pag\u00e8s, R.M., Navarro, J., and Casals, E. (2016, January 2\u20134). Automated Audio Data Monitoring for a Social Robot in Ambient Assisted Living Environments. New Friends. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social Robots in Therapy and Education, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herv\u00e1s, M., Alsina-Pag\u00e8s, R.M., and Navarro, J. (2017, January 19\u201321). homeSound: A High Performance Platform for Massive Data Acquisition and Processing in Ambient Assisted Living Environments. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Sensor Networks, SENSORNETS 2017, Oporto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.5220\/0006209701820187"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2016, October 29). What Is Smart Home\u2014Basic Idea. Available online: http:\/\/cctvinstitute.co.uk."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2008.02.001","article-title":"A review of smart homes\u2013Present state and future challenges","volume":"91","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2015.2489978","article-title":"Sensors in Assisted Living: A survey of signal and image processing methods","volume":"33","author":"Erden","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"EU Comission (2017, February 21). Active and Assisted Living Programme. ICT for Ageing Well. Available online: http:\/\/www.aal-europe.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abowd, G., and Mynatt, E. (2004). Smart Environments: Technology, Protocols, and Applications. Designing for the Human Experience in Smart Environments, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/047168659X.ch7"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T.L., King, C.H., Thomaz, A.L., and Kemp, C.C. (2011, January 8\u201311). Touched by a Robot: An Investigation of Subjective Responses to Robot Initiated Touch. Proceedings of the 2011 6th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction, Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1957656.1957818"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"17","article-title":"The Ubiquitous Home","volume":"1","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Home"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2009.2025137","article-title":"Keeping the Resident in the Loop: Adapting the Smart Home to the User","volume":"39","author":"Rashidi","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cibern. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2004.834393","article-title":"The installation and support of internationally distributed equipment for people with dementia","volume":"8","author":"Adlam","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/08839510701492579","article-title":"A Keyhole Plan Recognition Model for Alzheimer Patients: First results","volume":"21","author":"Bouchard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9gret, R., Dovgalecs, V., Wannous, H., Karaman, S., Benois-Pineau, J., El Khoury, E., Pinquier, J., Joly, P., Andr\u00e9-Obrecht, R., and Ga\u00ebstel, R. (,  2010). The IMMED Project: Wearable Video Monitoring of People with Age Dementia. Proceedings of the 18th ACM international conference on Multimedia, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1873951.1874206"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2008.2010701","article-title":"Detection of movement in bed using unobtrusive load cell sensors","volume":"14","author":"Adami","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapia, E., Intille, S., and Larson, K. (2004, January 21\u201323). Activity Recognition in the Home Using Simple and Ubiquitous Sensors. Proceedings of the International Conference on Pervasive Computing, Linz and Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24646-6_10"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2005.856855","article-title":"A Model for the Measurement of Patient Activity in a Hospital Suite","volume":"10","author":"LeBellego","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1049\/cce:19980404","article-title":"Lifestyle monitoring-technology for supported independence","volume":"9","author":"Barnes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput. Control Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"E-healthcare at an experimental welfare techno house in Japan","volume":"1","author":"Tamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Open Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rantz, M., Skubic, M., Koopman, R., Phillips, L., Alexander, G., Miller, S., and Guevara, R. (2011, January 13\u201315). Using Sensor Networks to Detect Urinary Tract Infections in Older Adults. Proceedings of the International Conference on e-Health Networking Applications and Services, Columbia, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HEALTH.2011.6026731"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2011.12.001","article-title":"A novel acoustic indoor localization system employing CDMA","volume":"22","author":"Raoof","year":"2012","journal-title":"Digital Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Kivimaki, T. (2015). Technologies for Ambient Assisted Living: Ambient Communication and Indoor Positioning. [Ph.D. Thesis, Tampere University of Technology Tampere]."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Temko, A. (2007). Acoustic Event Detection and Classification. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya]."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Vuegen, L., Van Den Broeck, B., Karsmakers, P., Van hamme, H., and Vanrumste, B. (2013, January 21\u201322). Automatic Monitoring of Activities of Daily Living Based on Real-Life Acoustic Sensor Data: A Preliminary Study. Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies, Grenoble, France."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraft, F., Malkin, R., Schaaf, R., and Waibel, A. (2005, January 4\u20138). Temporal ICA for Classification of Acoustic Events in a Kitchen Environment. Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (INTERSPEECH), International Speech Communication Association (ISCA), Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2005-261"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3233\/AIS-160386","article-title":"On-line Human Activity Recognition from Audio and Home Automation Sensors: comparison of sequential and nonsequential models in realistic Smart Homes","volume":"8","author":"Chahuara","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Smart Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Ellis, D. (2001, January 3\u20137). Detecting Alarm Sounds. Proceedings of the Workshop on Consistent and Reliable Acoustic Cues (CRAC-2001), CRAC, Aalborg, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popescu, M., and Mahnot, A. (2009, January 3\u20136). Acoustic Fall Detection Using One-Class Classifiers. Proceedings of the 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5334521"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2010.2091140","article-title":"Emergency Fall Incidents Detection in Assisted Living Environments Utilizing Motion, Sound, and Visual Perceptual Components","volume":"15","author":"Doukas","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irbm.2014.02.011","article-title":"CIRDO: Smart Companion for Helping Elderly to live at home for longer","volume":"35","author":"Bouakaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"IRBM"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Jaalinoja, J. (2004). Requirements Implementation in Embedded Software Development, VTT Publications."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Nvidia, JETSON TK1 (2017, February 21). Unlock the Power of the GPU for Embedded Systems Applications. Available online: http:\/\/www.nvidia.com\/object\/jetson-tk1-embedded-dev-kit.html."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2017, February 10). Whitepaper, NVIDIA Tegra K1, A New Era in Mobile Computing. Available online: http:\/\/www.nvidia.com\/content\/PDF\/tegra_white_papers\/Tegra_K1_whitepaper_v1.0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theodoropoulos, D., Kuzmanov, G., and Gaydadjiev, G. (December, January 30). A Minimalistic Architecture for Reconfigurable WFS-Based Immersive-Audio. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig), Cancun, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1109\/ReConFig.2010.76"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2010.2098397","article-title":"Multi-core platforms for beamforming and wave field synthesis","volume":"13","author":"Theodoropoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranjan, R., and Gan, W.S. (2014, January 4\u20139). Fast and Efficient Real-Time GPU Based Implementation of Wave Field Synthesis. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech Signal Processing, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2014.6855068"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2016.2631338","article-title":"GPU-Based Dynamic Wave Field Synthesis Using Fractional Delay Filters and Room Compensation","volume":"25","author":"Belloch","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-016-1647-5","article-title":"Parallel online time warping for real-time audio-to-score alignment in multi-core systems","volume":"73","author":"Alonso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2016.2592698","article-title":"Automatic environmental sound recognition: Performance versus computational cost","volume":"24","author":"Sigtia","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Satria, M.T., Gurumani, S., Zheng, W., Tee, K.P., Koh, A., Yu, P., Rupnow, K., and Chen, D. (2016, January 14\u201318). Real-Time System-Level Implementation of a Telepresence Robot Using an Embedded GPU Platform. Proceedings of the Design, Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition, Dresden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oro, D., Fern\u00e1ndez, C., Martorell, X., and Hernando, J. (2016, January 20\u201325). Work-Efficient Parallel Non-Maximum Suppression for Embedded GPU Architectures. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2016.7471831"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Ulusel, O., Picardo, C., Harris, C.B., Reda, S., and Bahar, R.I. (September, January 29). Hardware Acceleration of Feature Detection and Description Algorithms on Low-Power Embedded Platforms. Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houzet, D., and Fung, J. (2011, January 2\u20134). Session 4: Signal and Image Processing on GPU. Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Design and Architectures for Signal and Image Processing (DASIP), Tampere, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASIP.2011.6136858"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"CUI Inc. (2016, December 10). CMA-4544PF-W. Available online: http:\/\/www.cui.com\/product\/resource\/pdf\/cma-4544pf-w.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1145\/1095408.1095421","article-title":"Software and the concurrency revolution","volume":"3","author":"Sutter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Queue"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1109\/MDT.2008.110","article-title":"The concurrency challenge","volume":"25","author":"Hwu","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Des. Test Comput."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Kirk, D.B., and Wen-Mei, W.H. (2016). Programming Massively Parallel Processors: A Hands-on Approach, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"NVIDIA Corp. (2017, February 21). NVIDIA\u2019s Next Generation Cuda Compute Architecture: Kepler TM GK110\/210. Available online: http:\/\/international.download.nvidia.com\/pdf\/kepler\/NVIDIA-Kepler-GK110-GK210-Architecture-Whitepaper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al\u00edas, F., Socor\u00f3, J.C., and Sevillano, X. (2016). A review of physical and perceptual feature extraction techniques for speech, music and environmental sounds. Appl. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/app6050143"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Mermelstein, P. (1976). Distance Measures for Speech Recognition\u2013Psychological and Instrumental. Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, Academic Press, Inc."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"57","article-title":"Audio content classification method research based on two-step strategy","volume":"5","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. (IJACSA)"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Siegler, M.A., Jain, U., Raj, B., and Stern, R.M. (1997, January 2\u20135). Automatic Segmentation, Classification and Clustering of Broadcast News Audio. Proceedings of the DARPA Speech Recognition Workshop, Chantilly, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2006.1598089","article-title":"Automatic genre classification of music content: a survey","volume":"23","author":"Scaringella","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prati, R.C., Batista, G.E., and Monard, M.C. (2004). Class Imbalances Versus Class Overlapping: An Analysis of a Learning System Behavior. Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24694-7_32"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Wang, J.C., Wang, J.F., He, K.W., and Hsu, C.S. (2006, January 16\u201321). Environmental Sound Classification Using Hybrid SVM\/KNN Classifier and MPEG-7 Audio Low-Level Descriptor. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, IJCNN\u201906, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3233\/IDA-2002-6504","article-title":"The class imbalance problem: A systematic study","volume":"6","author":"Japkowicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intell. Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"727","article-title":"X-means: Extending K-means with Efficient Estimation of the Number of Clusters","volume":"1","author":"Pelleg","year":"2000","journal-title":"ICML"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joachims, T. (2006, January 20\u201323). Training linear SVMs in Linear Time. Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD\u201906, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1150402.1150429"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1109\/72.991427","article-title":"A Comparison of Methods for Multiclass Support Vector Machines","volume":"13","author":"Hsu","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Visualizing high-dimensional data using t-SNE","volume":"9","author":"Hinton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Mesaros, A., Heittola, T., Eronen, A., and Virtanen, T. (2010, January 23\u201327). Acoustic Event Detection in Real Life Recordings. Proceedings of the 2010 18th European Signal Processing Conference, Aalborg, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al\u00edas, F., and Socor\u00f3, J.C. (2017). Description of anomalous noise events for reliable dynamic traffic noise mapping in real-life urban and suburban soundscapes. Appl. Sci. (Sect. Appl. Acoust.), 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7020146"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Creixell, E., Haddad, K., Song, W., Chauhan, S., and Valero, X. (2013, January 15\u201318). A Method for Recognition of Coexisting Environmental Sound Sources Based on the Fisher\u2019s Linear Discriminant Classifier. Proceedings of the INTERNOISE, Innsbruck, Austria."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesaros, A., Heittola, T., and Virtanen, T. (2016). Metrics for polyphonic sound event detection. Appl. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/app6060162"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/4\/854\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:32:37Z","timestamp":1760207557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/4\/854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s17040854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17040854","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]]}}}