{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:30:11Z","timestamp":1777555811439,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,16]],"date-time":"2017-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tires equipped with sensors, the so-called \u201cintelligent tires\u201d, can provide vital information for control systems, drivers and external users. In this research, tire dynamic strain characteristics in cornering conditions are collected and analysed in relation to the variation of tire working conditions, such as inflation pressure, rolling speed, vertical load and slip angle. An experimental tire strain-based prototype and an indoor tire test rig are used to demonstrate the suitability of strain sensors to establish relations between strain data and lateral force. The results of experiments show that strain values drop sharply when lateral force is decreasing, which can be used to predict tire slip conditions. As a first approach to estimate some tire working conditions, such as the slip angle and vertical load, a fuzzy logic method has been developed. The simulation and test results confirm the feasibility of strain sensors and the proposed computational model to solve the non-linearity characteristics of the tires\u2019 parameters and turn tires into a source of useful information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]],"date-time":"2017-04-18T11:22:04Z","timestamp":1492514524000},"page":"874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["A Strain-Based Method to Estimate Slip Angle and Tire Working Conditions for Intelligent Tires Using Fuzzy Logic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Garcia-Pozuelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avd. De la Universidad, Madrid 28911, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Yunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avd. De la Universidad, Madrid 28911, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6703-334X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluremi","family":"Olatunbosun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanlead Rubber &amp; Tire Research Institute, Wanli Tire Corporation Limited, Guangzhou 510425, China"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avd. De la Universidad, Madrid 28911, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2017, February 08). Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability, and Documentation (TREAD) Act, Available online: https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/106\/plaws\/publ414\/PLAW-106publ414.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2017, February 08). APOLLO Project Report. Final Report, Including Technical Implementation Plan (Annex), Deliverable 22\/23, Available online: http:\/\/www.transport-research.info\/sites\/default\/files\/project\/documents\/20100726_152600_70950_apollo_final%20report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1243\/0954407001527493","article-title":"Recent advances in antilock braking systems and traction control systems","volume":"214","author":"Austin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D Part. D J. Automob. 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