{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T11:41:11Z","timestamp":1782387671885,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A strain-type three-component table dynamometer is presented in this paper, which reduces output errors produced by cutting forces imposed on the different milling positions of a workpiece. A sensor structure with eight parallel elastic beams is proposed, and sensitive regions and Wheastone measuring circuits are also designed in consideration of eliminating the influences of the eccentric forces. To evaluate the sensor decoupling performance, both of the static calibration and dynamic milling test were implemented in different positions of the workpiece. Static experiment results indicate that the maximal deviation between the measured forces and the standard inputs is 4.58%. Milling tests demonstrate that with same machining parameters, the differences of the measured forces between different milling positions derived by the developed sensor are no larger than 6.29%. In addition, the natural frequencies of the dynamometer are kept higher than 2585.5 Hz. All the measuring results show that as a strain-type dynamometer, the developed force sensor has an improved eccentric decoupling accuracy with natural frequencies not much decreased, which owns application potential in milling process monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17050949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T13:21:12Z","timestamp":1493126472000},"page":"949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Design and Development of a Three-Component Force Sensor for Milling Process Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yingxue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyou","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of EMU Application and Maintenance Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yafei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjiang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Nano Materials and Technology, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2014.08.035","article-title":"Monitoring and processing signal applied in machining processes\u2014A review","volume":"58","author":"Lauro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2006.06.011","article-title":"Tool wear detection and fault diagnosis based on cutting force monitoring","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. 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