{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:10:31Z","timestamp":1760209831459,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]],"date-time":"2017-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11121657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11121657"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008785","name":"Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["161610 2\/R","GI 160210\/EF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["161610 2\/R","GI 160210\/EF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Image interleaving has proven to be an effective solution to provide the robustness of image communication systems when resource limitations make reliable protocols unsuitable (e.g., in wireless camera sensor networks); however, the search for optimal interleaving patterns is scarcely tackled in the literature. In 2008, Rombaut et al. presented an interesting approach introducing a packetization mask generator based in Simulated Annealing (SA), including a cost function, which allows assessing the suitability of a packetization pattern, avoiding extensive simulations. In this work, we present a complementary study about the non-trivial problem of generating optimal packetization patterns. We propose a genetic algorithm, as an alternative to the cited work, adopting the mentioned cost function, then comparing it to the SA approach and a torus automorphism interleaver. In addition, we engage the validation of the cost function and provide results attempting to conclude about its implication in the quality of reconstructed images. Several scenarios based on visual sensor networks applications were tested in a computer application. Results in terms of the selected cost function and image quality metric PSNR show that our algorithm presents similar results to the other approaches. Finally, we discuss the obtained results and comment about open research challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17050981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]],"date-time":"2017-04-28T11:57:04Z","timestamp":1493380624000},"page":"981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Genetic Algorithm for the Generation of Packetization Masks for Robust Image Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Katherine","family":"Zapata-Qui\u00f1ones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Magister en Ciencias de la Computaci\u00f3n, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Chill\u00e1n 3800708, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2793-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Duran-Faundez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica y Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilberto","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Computaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Chill\u00e1n 3800708, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Lecuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CNRS, Vand\u0153uvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy 54506, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Arredondo-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magister en Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Jara-Lip\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporaci\u00f3n Educacional Colegio Concepci\u00f3n, Nuble 3800564, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, D.G., Guedes, L.A., Vasques, F., and Portugal, P. (2016). Chapter: Multimedia Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks. Emerging Research on Networked Multimedia Communication Systems, IGI Publishing.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-8850-6.ch007"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Asbun, E., and Delp, E.J. (1999, January 21\u201323). Real-time Error Concealment in Compressed Digital Video Streams. Proceedings of the Picture Coding Symposium, Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47345","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-5281-2007-047345","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Transmission of Wavelet-Based Images in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"2007","author":"Lecuire","year":"2007","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Image Video Process."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSNET.2008.019250","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Image Transmission in Sensor Networks","volume":"4","author":"Lecuire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Sens. Netw. (IJSNet)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2006.01.022","article-title":"A novel content-aware interleaving for wireless video transmission","volume":"29","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"DeBrunner, V., DeBrunner, L., and Wang, L. (June, January 30). Recovery of lost blocks by dynamic pixel interleaving. Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, ISCAS \u201999, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orellana-Romero, E., SanMartin-Hernandez, J., Duran-Faundez, C., Lecuire, V., and Aguilera, C. (2011, January 9\u201311). Sim-LIT: A simulation framework for image quality assessment in wireless visual sensor networks under packet loss conditions. Proceedings of the International Conference of the Chilean Computer Science Society, Curic\u00f3, Chile.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCCC.2011.27"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duran-Faundez, C., and Lecuire, V. (2008, January 1). Error resilient image communication with chaotic pixel interleaving for wireless camera sensors. Proceedings of the Workshop on Real-World Wireless Sensor Networks, REALWSN \u201908, Glasgow, Scotland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1435473.1435480"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2007.913574","article-title":"Locally Adaptive Passive Error Concealment for Wavelet Coded Images","volume":"15","author":"Rombaut","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Raman, A., and Babu, M. (2001, January 22\u201324). A low complexity error concealment scheme for MPEG-4 coded video sequences. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Multimedia Communications and Signal Processing, Bangalore, India."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orellana-Romero, E., SanMartin-Hernandez, J., Duran-Faundez, C., Lecuire, V., and Zapata-Quinones, K. (2014, January 26\u201328). Evaluation of Block Interleaving Techniques for Robust Image Communication in Wireless Camera Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Wireless Sensors (ICWiSe), Subang Jaya, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWISE.2014.7042667"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, C., and Lecuire, V. (2015, January 8\u201311). Building low-cost wireless image sensor networks: From single camera to multi-camera system. Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras International (ICDSC\u20192015), Seville, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/2789116.2789118"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, C. (2016, January 3\u20137). Low-cost, Low-power and Long-range Image Sensor for Visual Surveillance. Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Experiences in the Design and Implementation of Smart Objects, SmartObjects \u201916, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2980147.2980156"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2008.2002834","article-title":"Optimization of Packetization Masks for Image Coding Based on an Objective Cost Function for Desired Packet Spreading","volume":"17","author":"Rombaut","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posnak, E.J., Gallindo, S.P., Stephens, A.P., and Vin, H.M. (1995, January 14). Techniques for Resilient Transmission of JPEG Video Streams. Proceedings of the Multimedia Computing and Networking, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.206051"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"67","article-title":"An Efficient Chaotic Interleaver for Image Transmission over IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee Network","volume":"2","author":"Eltokhya","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Telecommun. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2011.07.005","article-title":"Tiny block-size coding for energy-efficient image compression and communication in wireless camera sensor networks","volume":"26","author":"Lecuire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Signal Process. Image Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, C.J., and Peterson, L.L. (1992, January 17\u201320). Image transfer: An end-to-end design. Proceedings of the Conference Proceedings on Communications Architectures & Protocols, SIGCOMM \u201992, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/144179.144296"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, T., Bandyopadhyay, S., and Dasbit, S. (2015, January 21\u201323). Energy-Saving Image Transmission over WMSN Using Block Size Reduction Technique. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Nanoelectronic and Information Systems, Indore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/iNIS.2015.19"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(98)00030-2","article-title":"Digital image watermarking using mixing systems","volume":"22","author":"Voyatzis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Chen, T., Chen, J., and Chen, J. (2003, January 10\u201312). A simple and efficient watermarking technique based on JPEG2000 codec. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Multimedia Software Engineering, Taichung, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Coello, C.A.C. (2017, April 14). Introducci\u00f3n a los Algoritmos Gen\u00e9ticos Soluciones Avanzadas, Tecnolog\u00edas de Informaci\u00f3n y Estrategias de Negocios. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Marcos_Gestal\/publication\/237812449_Introduccion_a_los_Algoritmos_Geneticos\/links\/02e7e520a93bdade8f000000.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Roman, H. (2011). Soluci\u00f3n de Problemas de Optimizaci\u00f3n Mediante Algorimos Gen\u00e9ticos Aplicando C\u00f3mputo de Alto Rendimiento. [Ph.D. Thesis, Instituto Poit\u00e9cnico Nacional]."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Combined Mutation Operators of Genetic Algorithm for the Travelling Salesman problem","volume":"2","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Comb. Optim. Probl. Inform."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006529012972","article-title":"Genetic Algorithms for the Travelling Saleman Problem: A Review of Representations and Operators","volume":"13","author":"Kuijpers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Carretero, F. (2010). Optimizaci\u00f3n Global con Algoritmos Gen\u00e9ticos. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunia]."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Davis, L. (1985, January 18\u201323). Applying Adaptive Algorithms to Epistatic Domains. Proceedings of the 9th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence\u2014Volume 1, IJCAI\u201985, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chambers, L. (2000). The Practical Handbook of Genetic Algorithms: Applications, Second Edition, Chapman and Hall\/CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420035568"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640386","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/640386","article-title":"A Survey of Visual Sensor Networks","volume":"2009","author":"Soro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, C. (2015, January 9\u201311). Low cost Wireless Image Sensor Networks for visual surveillance and intrusion detection applications. Proceedings of the IEEE 12th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNSC.2015.7116066"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Center of Embedded Network Sensing (2017, April 14). CENS-CVS Repository. Available online: http:\/\/www.sitesanalytics.com\/site\/cvs.cens.ucla.edu."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10309","DOI":"10.3390\/s91210309","article-title":"Field Measurements and Guidelines for the Application of Wireless Sensor Networks to the Environment and Security","volume":"9","author":"Armada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2014.08.002","article-title":"Communication performances of IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor motes for data-intensive applications: A comparison of WaspMote, Arduino MEGA, TelosB, MicaZ and iMote2 for image surveillance","volume":"46","author":"Pham","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2016, January 07). Digi. Available online: http:\/\/www.digi.com\/products\/xbee-rf-solutions."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00940812","article-title":"Thermodynamical Approach to the Traveling Salesman Problem: An Efficient Simulation Algorithm","volume":"45","author":"Cerny","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Optim. Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1126\/science.220.4598.671","article-title":"Optimization by Simulated Annealing","volume":"220","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Arredondo Flores, C. (2015). Desarrollo e Implementaci\u00f3n de un Software para el Estudio de P\u00e9rdida de Paquetes en la Transmisi\u00f3n de Im\u00e1genes Mediante Redes de Transmisi\u00f3n con P\u00e9rdidas, Proyecto de Titulo de Ingeniero Civil en Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Departamento de Sistemas de Informaci\u00f3n."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/5\/981\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:34:03Z","timestamp":1760207643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/5\/981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s17050981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17050981","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]]}}}