{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:12:34Z","timestamp":1760242354264,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]],"date-time":"2017-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61403093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61403093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Space-Ground Integrated Information Technology","award":["2015_SGIIT_KFJJ-DH_03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015_SGIIT_KFJJ-DH_03"]}]},{"name":"the Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China for Returned Scholars","award":["LC2013C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LC2013C22"]}]},{"name":"the Assisted Project by Heilongjiang Province of China Postdoctoral Funds for Scientific Research Initiation","award":["LBH-Q14048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LBH-Q14048"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["HEUCF0817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEUCF0817"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing in Remote Sensing","award":["2016-ZW-KFJJ-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-ZW-KFJJ-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With L band frequency allocations for satellite navigation getting more crowded, S band (2483.5\u20132500 MHz) is already allocated for navigation services, where Globalstar broadcasts downlink communications to user terminals. The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is transmitting navigation signals and Galileo exploits some potential signals in S band. Also, several candidate S band signals based on binary offset carrier (BOC), binary phase shift keying (BPSK), continuous phase modulation (CPM) and minimum shift keying-BOC (MSK-BOC) are suggested for BeiDou system (BDS). In quite narrow S band, mutual interference among these systems is inevitable, thus the compatibility issue is particularly significant for S band signal design. To explore desired S band signals for BDS, the paper firstly describes a comprehensive compatibility evaluation methods based on effective carrier-to-noise ratio degradation for acquisition and code tracking. Then a real simulation is established using space constellations, modulation schemes and received power. Finally, the worst mutual interference of BDS candidate signals with Galileo, IRNSS and Globalstar is calculated and compared. The results indicate that CPM signal is easier to allow peaceful coexistence of other systems with minimal mutual interference in S band compared to other BDS candidates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]],"date-time":"2017-05-05T10:31:08Z","timestamp":1493980268000},"page":"1039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Radio Frequency Compatibility Evaluation of S Band Navigation Signals for Future BeiDou"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yanbo","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information &amp; Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information &amp; Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danfeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information &amp; Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space-Ground Integrated Information Technology, Beijing 100086, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Signal structures for satellite-based navigation: Past, present and future","volume":"8","author":"Betz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2012.6324666","article-title":"How Many GNSS Satellites are Too Many","volume":"48","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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