{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T16:55:27Z","timestamp":1778604927237,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["400929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["400929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015668","name":"Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["350121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["350121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000094","name":"Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a popular assay technique for the detection and quantification of various biological substances due its high sensitivity and specificity. More often, it requires large and expensive laboratory instruments, which makes it difficult to conduct when the tests must be performed quickly at the point-of-care (POC). To increase portability and ease of use, we propose a portable diagnostic system based on a Raspberry Pi imaging sensor for the rapid detection of progesterone in milk samples. We designed, assembled, and tested a standalone portable diagnostic reader and validated it for progesterone detection against a standard ELISA assay using a commercial plate reader. The portable POC device yielded consistent results, regardless of differences in the cameras and flashlights between various smartphone devices. An Android application was built to provide front-end access to users, control the diagnostic reader, and display and store the progesterone measurement on the smartphone. The diagnostic reader takes images of the samples, reads the pixel values, processes the results, and presents the results on the handheld device. The proposed POC reader can perform to superior levels of performance as a plate reader, while adding the desirable qualities of portability and ease of use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T12:04:20Z","timestamp":1494417860000},"page":"1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["GryphSens: A Smartphone-Based Portable Diagnostic Reader for the Rapid Detection of Progesterone in Milk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hyunwook","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0990-0235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh","family":"Neethirajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kost, G.J., Tran, N.K., and Louie, R.F. Point-of-Care Testing: Principles, Practice, and Critical-Emergency-Disaster Medicine. Encycl. Anal. Chem., 2008.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470027318.a0540.pub2"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2015.2414831","article-title":"5G tests and demonstrations [mobile radio]","volume":"10","author":"Gozalvez","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.02.013","article-title":"Hormonal predictors of sexual motivation in natural menstrual cycles","volume":"63","author":"Roney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm. 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