{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T17:37:56Z","timestamp":1779385076219,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sci-tech Innovation Fund of China","award":["Y64GYA1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y64GYA1001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14ZR1447200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14ZR1447200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Defense Foundation of China","award":["9140C1801021xxx001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9140C1801021xxx001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The varying trend of a moving vehicle\u2019s angles provides much important intelligence for an unattended ground sensor (UGS) monitoring system. The present study investigates the capabilities of a small-aperture microphone array (SAMA) based system to identify the number and moving direction of vehicles travelling on a previously established route. In this paper, a SAMA-based acoustic monitoring system, including the system hardware architecture and algorithm mechanism, is designed as a single node sensor for the application of UGS. The algorithm is built on the varying trend of a vehicle\u2019s bearing angles around the closest point of approach (CPA). We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method with our designed SAMA-based monitoring system in various experimental sites. The experimental results in harsh conditions validate the usefulness of our proposed UGS monitoring system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T12:04:20Z","timestamp":1494417860000},"page":"1089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Vehicle Counting and Moving Direction Identification Based on Small-Aperture Microphone Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9479-0589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingshui","family":"Zu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microsystem Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaojie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7468-5634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microsystem Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microsystem Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM-Research China Labotatory, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microsystem Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huawei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microsystem Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7602-7136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baoqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microsystem Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microsystem Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Toyoda, T., Ono, N., Miyabe, S., Yamada, T., and Makino, S. 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