{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T17:07:34Z","timestamp":1763226454745,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,16]],"date-time":"2017-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dimensional verification of miniaturized components with 3D complex geometries is particularly challenging. Computed Tomography (CT) can represent a suitable alternative solution to micro metrology tools based on optical and tactile techniques. However, the establishment of CT systems\u2019 traceability when measuring 3D complex geometries is still an open issue. In this work, an alternative method for the measurement uncertainty assessment of 3D complex geometries by using CT is presented. The method is based on the micro-CT system Maximum Permissible Error (MPE) estimation, determined experimentally by using several calibrated reference artefacts. The main advantage of the presented method is that a previous calibration of the component by a more accurate Coordinate Measuring System (CMS) is not needed. In fact, such CMS would still hold all the typical limitations of optical and tactile techniques, particularly when measuring miniaturized components with complex 3D geometries and their inability to measure inner parts. To validate the presented method, the most accepted standard currently available for CT sensors, the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure\/Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (VDI\/VDE) guideline 2630-2.1 is applied. Considering the high number of influence factors in CT and their impact on the measuring result, two different techniques for surface extraction are also considered to obtain a realistic determination of the influence of data processing on uncertainty. The uncertainty assessment of a workpiece used for micro mechanical material testing is firstly used to confirm the method, due to its feasible calibration by an optical CMS. Secondly, the measurement of a miniaturized dental file with 3D complex geometry is carried out. The estimated uncertainties are eventually compared with the component\u2019s calibration and the micro manufacturing tolerances to demonstrate the suitability of the presented CT calibration procedure. The 2U\/T ratios resulting from the validation workpiece are, respectively, 0.27 (VDI) and 0.35 (MPE), by assuring tolerances in the range of \u00b1 20\u201330 \u00b5m. For the dental file, the EN &lt; 1 value analysis is favorable in the majority of the cases (70.4%) and 2U\/T is equal to 0.31 for sub-mm measurands (L &lt; 1 mm and tolerance intervals of \u00b1 40\u201380 \u00b5m).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,16]],"date-time":"2017-05-16T11:42:11Z","timestamp":1494934931000},"page":"1137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Experimental Approach for the Uncertainty Assessment of 3D Complex Geometry Dimensional Measurements Using Computed Tomography at the mm and Sub-mm Scales"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2357-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de la Defensa, A.G.M. Carretera Huesca s\/n, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Torralba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de la Defensa, A.G.M. Carretera Huesca s\/n, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7152-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Yag\u00fce-Fabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3A, Universidad de Zaragoza, Mar\u00eda de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sinu\u00e9","family":"Ontiveros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, 14418 Tijuana, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5071-7830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Tosello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2014.06.006","article-title":"A review of the existing performance verification infrastructure for micro-CMMs","volume":"39","author":"Claverley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2010.09.010","article-title":"Aspects of tactile probing on the micro scale","volume":"35","author":"Bos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2006.10.005","article-title":"Dimensional micro and nano metrology","volume":"55","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2015.04.089","article-title":"Verification of an optical micro-CMM using the focus variation technique: Aspects of probing errors","volume":"64","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2016.03.001","article-title":"Measurement of steep edges and undercuts in confocal microscopy","volume":"84","author":"Mueller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2013.03.026","article-title":"Correction for lateral distortion in coherence scanning interferometry","volume":"62","author":"Henning","year":"2013","journal-title":"CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2013.01.023","article-title":"Uncertainty on fringe projection technique: A Monte-Carlo-based approach","volume":"51","author":"Molimard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2015.07.010","article-title":"A powerful scanning methodology for 3D measurements of small parts with complex surfaces and sub millimeter-sized features, based on close range photogrammetry","volume":"43","author":"Galantucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2011.05.006","article-title":"Computed tomography for dimensional metrology","volume":"60","author":"Kruth","year":"2011","journal-title":"CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.02.230","article-title":"Comparison of Different Method of Measurement Geometry Using CMM, Optical Scanner and Computed Tomography 3D","volume":"69","author":"Gapinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2014.05.011","article-title":"Industrial applications of computed tomography","volume":"63","author":"Carmignato","year":"2014","journal-title":"CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csndt.2016.04.003","article-title":"Experimental investigation of surface determination process on multi-material components for dimensional computed tomography","volume":"6","author":"Stolfi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Stud. Nondestruct. Test. Eval."},{"unstructured":"(2017, May 15). VDI\/VDE 2630 Part 2.1 Determination of the Uncertainty of Measurement and the Test Process Suitability of Coordinate Measurement Systems with CT Sensors 2015. Available online: http:\/\/www.vdi.eu\/nc\/guidelines\/vdivde_2630_blatt_21-computertomografie_in_der_dimensionellen_messtechnik_bestimmung_der_messunsicherheit_und_der_\/.","key":"ref_13"},{"unstructured":"Andreu, V., Georgi, B., Lettenbauer, H., and Yague, J.A. (July, January 29). Analysis of the error sources of a Computer Tomography Machine. Proceedings of the Lamdamap Conference, London, UK.","key":"ref_14"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125401","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/23\/12\/125401","article-title":"Dimensional measurement of micro-moulded parts by computed tomography","volume":"23","author":"Ontiveros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2013.03.016","article-title":"A 3D edge detection technique for surface extraction in computed tomography for dimensional metrology applications","volume":"62","author":"Ontiveros","year":"2013","journal-title":"CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54008","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/21\/5\/054008","article-title":"Uncertainty in measurement for x-ray-computed tomography using calibrated workpieces","volume":"21","author":"Schmitt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1051\/ijmqe\/2012011","article-title":"De A study on evaluation strategies in dimensional X-ray computed tomography by estimation of measurement uncertainties","volume":"3","author":"Chiffre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Metrol. Qual. Eng."},{"unstructured":"(2017, May 15). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) 2008. Available online: http:\/\/www.bipm.org\/en\/publications\/guides\/.","key":"ref_19"},{"unstructured":"ISO 14253-2:2011 (2017, May 15). Geometrical product specifications (GPS). Inspection by Measurement of Workpieces and Measuring Equipment. Part 2: Guidance for the Estimation of Uncertainty in GPS Measurement, in Calibration of Measuring Equipment and in Product Verifi 2011. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/53631.html.","key":"ref_20"},{"unstructured":"Weckenmann, A., and Kr\u00e4mer, P. (2009, January 6\u201311). Assessment of measurement uncertainty caused in the preparation of measurements using computed tomography. Proceedings of the XIX IMEKO World Congress, Fundamental and Applied Metrology, Lisbon, Portugal.","key":"ref_21"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2013.03.017","article-title":"Uncertainty determination and quantification for dimensional measurements with industrial computed tomography","volume":"62","author":"Dewulf","year":"2013","journal-title":"CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2013.08.022","article-title":"Computed tomography as a tool for tolerance verification of industrial parts","volume":"10","author":"Cantatore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.02.123","article-title":"Quantifying the Contribution of Post-Processing in Computed Tomography Measurement Uncertainty","volume":"43","author":"Stolfi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"unstructured":"(2017, May 15). Evaluation of Measurement Data\u2014Supplement 1 to the \u201cGuide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement\u201d\u2014Propagation of Distributions Using a Monte Carlo Method. Available online: http:\/\/www.bipm.org\/en\/publications\/guides\/.","key":"ref_25"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2012.05.030","article-title":"A computer simulation platform for the estimation of measurement uncertainties in dimensional X-ray computed tomography","volume":"45","author":"Hiller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-014-0379-9","article-title":"Measurement uncertainty evaluation in dimensional X-ray computed tomography using the bootstrap method","volume":"15","author":"Hiller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf."},{"unstructured":"ISO 15530-3 (2017, May 15). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS). Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM): Technique for Determining the Uncertainty of Measurement. Part 3: Use of Calibrated Workpieces or Measurement Standards 2011. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/53627.html.","key":"ref_28"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85404","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/23\/8\/085404","article-title":"Physical characterization and performance evaluation of an x-ray micro-computed tomography system for dimensional metrology applications","volume":"23","author":"Hiller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2014.04.002","article-title":"Estimation of measurement uncertainties in X-ray computed tomography metrology using the substitution method","volume":"7","author":"Hiller","year":"2014","journal-title":"CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.02.018","article-title":"Assessment of the Measurement Procedure for Dimensional Metrology with X-ray Computed Tomography","volume":"43","author":"Kraemer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"unstructured":"(2017, May 15). Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology International Vocabulary of Metrology-Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM 3rd edition). Available online: http:\/\/www.bipm.org\/en\/publications\/guides\/.","key":"ref_32"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115502","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/22\/11\/115502","article-title":"A test object with parallel grooves for calibration and accuracy assessment of industrial computed tomography (CT) metrology","volume":"22","author":"Kiekens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2012.03.021","article-title":"Accuracy of industrial computed tomography measurements: Experimental results from an international comparison","volume":"61","author":"Carmignato","year":"2012","journal-title":"CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol."},{"unstructured":"Cantatore, A., Andreasen, J.L., Carmignato, S., M\u00fcller, P., and De Chiffre, L. (2011, January 23\u201327). Verification of a CT scanner using a miniature step gauge. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, Lake Como, Italy.","key":"ref_35"},{"unstructured":"ISO\/IEC 17043 (2017, May 15). Conformity Assessment. General Requirements for Proficiency Testing 2010. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/29366.html.","key":"ref_36"},{"unstructured":"ISO 286-2:2010 (2017, May 15). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS). ISO Code System for Tolerances on Linear Sizes. Part 2: Tables of Standard Tolerance Classes and Limit Deviations for Holes and Shafts 2010. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/54915.html.","key":"ref_37"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"60","article-title":"The ProTaper endodontic system: Geometries, features, and guidelines for use","volume":"20","author":"Ruddle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dent. Today"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-1546.2005.00115.x","article-title":"The ProTaper technique","volume":"10","author":"Ruddle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endod. Top."},{"unstructured":"ISO 3630-1:2008 (2017, May 15). Dentistry. Root-Canal Instruments. Part 1: General Requirements and Test Methods 2008. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/37702.html.","key":"ref_40"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/5\/1137\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:36:00Z","timestamp":1760207760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/5\/1137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s17051137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17051137","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,16]]}}}