{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T19:05:43Z","timestamp":1761419143903,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61401253","61371110","61603215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61401253","61371110","61603215"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of wireless communication systems and electronic techniques, the limited frequency spectrum resources are shared with various wireless devices, leading to a crowded and challenging coexistence circumstance. Cognitive radio (CR) and ultra-wide band (UWB), as sophisticated wireless techniques, have been considered as significant solutions to solve the harmonious coexistence issues. UWB wireless sensors can share the spectrum with primary user (PU) systems without harmful interference. The in-band interference of UWB systems should be considered because such interference can severely affect the transmissions of UWB wireless systems. In order to solve the in-band interference issues for UWB wireless sensor networks (WSN), a novel in-band narrow band interferences (NBIs) elimination scheme is proposed in this paper. The proposed narrow band interferences suppression scheme is based on a novel complex-coefficient adaptive notch filter unit with a single constrained zero-pole pair. Moreover, in order to reduce the computation complexity of the proposed scheme, an adaptive complex-coefficient iterative method based on two-order Taylor series is designed. To cope with multiple narrow band interferences, a linear cascaded high order adaptive filter and a cyclic cascaded high order matrix adaptive filter (CCHOMAF) interference suppression algorithm based on the basic adaptive notch filter unit are also presented. The theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results indicate that the proposed CCHOMAF algorithm can achieve better performance in terms of average bit error rate for UWB WSNs. The proposed in-band NBIs elimination scheme can significantly improve the reception performance of low-cost and low-power UWB wireless systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T04:35:42Z","timestamp":1496118942000},"page":"1206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Novel Complex-Coefficient In-Band Interference Suppression Algorithm for Cognitive Ultra-Wide Band Wireless Sensors Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hailiang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wensheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongji","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengfeng","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaibin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2008.4557045","article-title":"Standards Supporting Cognitive Radio and Networks, Dynamic Spectrum Access, and Coexistence","volume":"46","author":"Sherman","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2004.839380","article-title":"Cognitive Radio: Brain-Empowered Wireless Communications","volume":"23","author":"Haykin","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2016.2552499","article-title":"Inhomogeneous Poisson Sampling of Finite-Energy Signals with Uncertainties in Rd","volume":"64","author":"Zabini","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Z., Liu, H., Vincent, H., Li, T., and Wang, D. (2016). Analytical Study on Multi-Tier 5G Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks: Coverage Performance and Energy Efficiency. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111854"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huseyin, A., and Sahin Mustafa, E. (2006). Narrowband Interference Issues in Ultra Wideband Systems. Ultra Wideband Wirel. Commun., 255\u2013275.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470042397.ch11"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Sithamparanathan, K., and Giorgetti, A. (2012). Cognitive Radio Techniques: Spectrum Sensing, Interference Mitigation, and Localization, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thirumalaivasan, K., Nakkeeran, R., and Oudaya Coumar, S. (2010, January 29\u201331). Effective Notch Ultra-Wideband Filter Using Ring Resonator for the Rejection of IEEE 802.11a. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technology, Karur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT.2010.5592565"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/4234.660796","article-title":"Impulse Radio: How it Works","volume":"2","author":"Win","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Scholtz, R.A. (1993, January 10\u201312). Multiple Access with Time-Hopping Impulse Modulation. Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE Miltary Communications Conference (MILCOM), Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2004.834186","article-title":"Recent System Applications of Short-Pulse Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology","volume":"52","author":"Fontana","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, H., and Cheng, J. (2014, January 8\u201312). Investigation of Short-Range High Precision 3D Localization Via UWB Radio. Proceedings of 2014 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2014.7037448"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2004.1359140","article-title":"Ultra-Wideband Communications: An Idea Whose Time Has Come","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Martin, K.J. (2002). Ferderal Communications Commission (FCC): Ultra-Wideband Transmission Communications."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2008.2008778","article-title":"Coexistence between UWB and Narrow-Band Wireless Communication Systems","volume":"97","author":"Chiani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2008.2008762","article-title":"History and Applications of UWB","volume":"97","author":"Win","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2005.860047","article-title":"The Effect of Narrowband Interference on Wideband Wireless Communication Systems","volume":"53","author":"Giorgetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2005.863812","article-title":"The Effects of Narrowband Interference on UWB Communication Systems with Imperfect Channel Estimation","volume":"24","author":"Milstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2008.2008764","article-title":"A Mathematical Theory of Network Interference and Its Applications","volume":"97","author":"Win","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2009.2018273","article-title":"Log-Concavity Property of the Error Probability with Application to Local Bounds for Wireless Communications","volume":"55","author":"Conti","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2011.110219","article-title":"Cognitive Network Interference","volume":"29","author":"Rabbachin","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1984.1056848","article-title":"Channels with Block Interference","volume":"30","author":"McEliece","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1109\/26.809707","article-title":"Outage Evaluation for Slow Frequency-Hopping Mobile Radio Systems","volume":"47","author":"Chiani","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.05112","article-title":"On the Down-Link Performance of Multi-Carrier CDMA Systems with Partial Equalization","volume":"6","author":"Conti","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2006.887153","article-title":"Impacts of Narrowband Interference on OFDM-UWB Receivers: Analysis and Mitigation","volume":"55","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Lehmann, N.H., and Haimovich, A.M. (2003, January 16\u201319). The Power Spectral Density of a Time Hopping UWB Signal: A Survey. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, Reston, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2002.805242","article-title":"On the UWB System Coexistence with GSM900, UMTS\/WCDMA, and GPS","volume":"20","author":"Hamalainen","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2004.833462","article-title":"The Effect of NBI on UWB Time-Hopping Systems","volume":"3","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1024422","article-title":"A Survey on Sensor Networks","volume":"40","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MP.2003.1197877","article-title":"Sensor Networks: An Overview","volume":"22","author":"Tubaishat","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Potentials"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2007.1041","article-title":"Mathematical Evaluation of Environmental Monitoring Estimation Error Through Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"6","author":"Dardari","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Estrin, D., Girod, L., Pottie, G., and Srivastava, M. (2001, January 7\u201311). Instrumenting the World with Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Salt Lake City, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2425539","article-title":"Coding Versus Spreading for Narrowband Interference Suppression","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Somayazulu, V.S., Foerster, J.R., and Roy, S. (2002, January 3\u20136). Design Challenges for Very High Data Rate UWB Systems. Proceedings of the 36th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8715","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2632161","article-title":"Narrowband Interference Mitigation in UWB Systems Utilizing Frequency Dependence of Null Formation in Array Antennas","volume":"4","author":"Kikuta","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4328","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.052213.121090","article-title":"Front-End Narrowband Interference Mitigation for DS-UWB Receiver","volume":"12","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2676012","article-title":"An Efficient Narrowband Interference Suppression Approach in Ultra Wide Band Receiver","volume":"17","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2011.060911.100581","article-title":"Direct Sequence and Time-Hopping Sequence Designs for Narrowband Interference Mitigation in Impulse Radio UWB Systems","volume":"59","author":"Shao","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giorgetti, A. (2010, January 7\u201310). Interference Mitigation Technique by Sequence Design in UWB Cognitive Radio. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISABEL.2010.5702853"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2006.872556","article-title":"Optimal Waveform Design for UWB Radios","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Schantz, H.G., Wolenec, G., and Myszka, E.M. (2003, January 16\u201319). Frequency Notched UWB Antennas. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, Reston, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2011.2178428","article-title":"Miniaturized UWB Filters Integrated with Tunable Notch Filters Using a Silicon-Based Integrated Passive Device Technology","volume":"60","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2010.2050303","article-title":"Compact Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Bandpass Filters with Multiple Notched Bands","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2011.2128302","article-title":"A Compact UWB Bandpass Filter with Embedded SIR as Band Notch Structure","volume":"21","author":"Ghatak","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6710","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2458320","article-title":"Wideband Spectrum Sensing by Model Order Selection","volume":"14","author":"Mariani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2014.1420","article-title":"UWB Bandpass Filter with Sharp Rejection and Narrow Notched Band","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2011.2116800","article-title":"Compact Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Bandpass Filter with Ultra-Narrow Dual- and Quad-Notched Bands","volume":"59","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2335196","article-title":"Stop-and-Go Receivers for Non-Coherent Impulse Communications","volume":"13","author":"Decarli","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1109\/26.843135","article-title":"Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Time-Hopping Spread-Spectrum Impulse Radio for Wireless Multiple-Access Communications","volume":"48","author":"Win","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2007.902536","article-title":"The Tradeoff between Processing Gains of an Impulse Radio UWB System in the Presence of Timing Jitter","volume":"55","author":"Gezici","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Molisch, A.F., Balakrishnan, K., Cassioli, D., Chong, C., Emami, S., Fort, A., Karedal, J., Kunisch, J., Schantz, H., and Schuster, U. (2004). IEEE 802.15.4a Channel Model-Final Report, IEEE 802.15.4 Task Group. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Report, TG4a."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.348323","article-title":"Low Complexity Rake Receivers in Ultra-Wideband Channels","volume":"6","author":"Cassioli","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5394030","article-title":"An Overview of the IEEE 802.15.4a Standard","volume":"48","author":"Karapistoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2009.090922","article-title":"A Stochastic Geometry Approach to Coexistence in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks","volume":"27","author":"Pinto","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1109\/49.864015","article-title":"Performance of Rake Reception in Dense Multipath Channels: Implications of Spreading Bandwidth and Selection Diversity Order","volume":"18","author":"Win","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2009.09.080276","article-title":"Optimized Simple Bounds for Diversity Systems","volume":"57","author":"Conti","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2008.060287","article-title":"Pilot-Channel-Assisted Log-Likelihood-Ratio Selective Rake Combining for Low-Rate Ultra-Wideband Communications","volume":"56","author":"Chu","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2002.802559","article-title":"All-Digital Impulse Radio with Multiuser Detection for Wireless Cellular Systems","volume":"50","author":"Martret","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2002.801228","article-title":"The Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Indoor Channel\u2014From Statistical Model to Simulations","volume":"20","author":"Cassioli","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2006.883983","article-title":"A Comprehensive Standardized Model for Ultrawideband Propagation Channels","volume":"54","author":"Molisch","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.1550195","article-title":"Monte Carlo Methods for Signal Processing: A Review in the Statistical Signal Processing Context","volume":"22","author":"Doucet","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1206\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:36:59Z","timestamp":1760207819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s17061206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17061206","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]]}}}