{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:19:18Z","timestamp":1781018358188,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fatigued driving is a major cause of road accidents. For this reason, the method in this paper is based on the steering wheel angles (SWA) and yaw angles (YA) information under real driving conditions to detect drivers\u2019 fatigue levels. It analyzes the operation features of SWA and YA under different fatigue statuses, then calculates the approximate entropy (ApEn) features of a short sliding window on time series. Using the nonlinear feature construction theory of dynamic time series, with the fatigue features as input, designs a \u201c2-6-6-3\u201d multi-level back propagation (BP) Neural Networks classifier to realize the fatigue detection. An approximately 15-h experiment is carried out on a real road, and the data retrieved are segmented and labeled with three fatigue levels after expert evaluation, namely \u201cawake\u201d, \u201cdrowsy\u201d and \u201cvery drowsy\u201d. The average accuracy of 88.02% in fatigue identification was achieved in the experiment, endorsing the value of the proposed method for engineering applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T04:35:42Z","timestamp":1496118942000},"page":"1212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Automatic Detection of Driver Fatigue Using Driving Operation Information for Transportation Safety"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zuojin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liukui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16937","DOI":"10.3390\/s121216937","article-title":"Detecting driver drowsiness based on sensors: Review","volume":"12","author":"Sahayadhas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.11.011","article-title":"The link between fatigue and safety","volume":"432","author":"Williamson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid. 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