{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:08:53Z","timestamp":1780578533416,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A compact, highly sensitive optical fiber displacement and curvature radius sensor is presented. The device consists of an adiabatic bi-conical fused fiber taper spliced to a single-mode fiber (SMF) segment with a flat face end. The bi-conical taper structure acts as a modal coupling device between core and cladding modes for the SMF segment. When the bi-conical taper is bent by an axial displacement, the symmetrical bi-conical shape of the tapered structure is stressed, causing a change in the refractive index profile which becomes asymmetric. As a result, the taper adiabaticity is lost, and interference between modes appears. As the bending increases, a small change in the fringe visibility and a wavelength shift on the periodical reflection spectrum of the in-fiber interferometer is produced. The displacement sensitivity and the spectral periodicity of the device can be adjusted by the proper selection of the SMF length. Sensitivities from around 1.93 to 3.4 nm\/mm were obtained for SMF length between 7.5 and 12.5 cm. Both sensor interrogations, wavelength shift and visibility contrast, can be used to measure displacement and curvature radius magnitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T10:20:44Z","timestamp":1496398844000},"page":"1259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Adaptable Optical Fiber Displacement-Curvature Sensor Based on a Modal Michelson Interferometer with a Tapered Single Mode Fiber"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Salceda-Delgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Pedro de Alba S\/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Martinez-Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en \u00d3ptica A. C., Loma del bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, 37150 Le\u00f3n, Gto., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Selvas-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Pedro de Alba S\/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5047-9660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Tamayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT \u2013 Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsico-Matem\u00e1ticas, 66455 San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Castillo-Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Pedro de Alba S\/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Ibarra-Escamilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica, \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica (INAOE), L. E. Erro 1, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72824, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Dur\u00e1n-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Enrique D\u00edaz de Le\u00f3n 1144, paseos de la monta\u00f1a, 47460 Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Enriquez-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en \u00d3ptica A. C., Loma del bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, 37150 Le\u00f3n, Gto., Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aguascalientes, Avenida Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos 1801, 20256 Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ultra-sensitive curvature sensor based on liquid crystal-infiltrated fiber interferometer","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2613018","article-title":"In line Mach-Zehnder interferometric sensor based on a seven-core optical fiber","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2016.06.022","article-title":"Fiber curvature sensor based on spherical-shape structures and long-period grating","volume":"86","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2016.2615479","article-title":"Temperature-Insensitive optical fiber curvature sensor based on SMF-MMF-TCSMF-MMF-SMF Structure","volume":"66","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2016.06.006","article-title":"Intensity-modulated abrupt tapered fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for the simultaneous sensing of temperature and curvature","volume":"86","author":"Raji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2016.10.013","article-title":"Design and experiment of an optical micro bend sensor for respiration monitoring","volume":"251","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-016-0333-9","article-title":"Fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer for curvature sensing","volume":"6","author":"Monteiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4380","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.004380","article-title":"Compact optical fiber curvature sensor based on concatenating two tapers","volume":"36","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.29533","article-title":"Fiber curvature sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer using up-taper cascaded long-period grating","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.001201","article-title":"Off-axis ultraviolet-written fiber Bragg gratings for directional bending measurements","volume":"41","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.001974","article-title":"Optical microfiber mode interferometer for temperature-independent refractometric sensing","volume":"37","author":"Villatoro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.001468","article-title":"Compact fiber-optic curvature sensor based on super-mode interference in a seven-core fiber","volume":"40","author":"Schulzgen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.003113","article-title":"Photonic crystal fiber interferometric vector bending sensor","volume":"40","author":"Villatoro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.001105","article-title":"Refractive index sensor based on an abrupt taper Michelson interferometer in a single-mode fiber","volume":"33","author":"Tian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"090508","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.55.9.090508","article-title":"High-birefringence photonic crystal fiber Michelson interferometer with cascaded fiber Bragg grating for pressure and temperature discrimination","volume":"55","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.020210","article-title":"Heterogeneous all-solid multicore fiber based multipath Michelson interferometer for high temperature sensing","volume":"24","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Exp."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7181","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.007181","article-title":"Microwave interrogated large core fused silica fiber Michelson interferometer for strain sensing","volume":"54","author":"Hua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2012.2233461","article-title":"Tailoring Mach\u2013Zehnder Comb-Filters Based on Concatenated Tapers","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1259\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:37:41Z","timestamp":1760207861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s17061259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17061259","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]}}}