{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T08:02:35Z","timestamp":1771488155219,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infrared imaging technology, used both to study deep-space bodies\u2019 radiation and environmental changes on Earth, experienced constant improvements in the last few years, pushing data converter designers to face new challenges in terms of speed, power consumption and robustness against extremely harsh operating conditions. This paper presents a 96.6-dB-SNDR (Signal-to-Noise-plus-Distortion Ratio) 50-kHz-bandwidth fourth-order single-bit switched-capacitor delta-sigma modulator for ADC operating at 1.8 V and consuming 7.9 mW \ufb01t for space instrumentation. The circuit features novel Class-AB single-stage switched variable-mirror ampli\ufb01ers (SVMAs) enabling low-power operation, as well as low sensitivity to both process and temperature deviations for the whole modulator. The physical implementation resulted in a 1.8-mm2 chip integrated in a standard 0.18-\u00b5m 1-poly-6-metal (1P6M) CMOS technology, and it reaches a 164.6-dB Schreier \ufb01gure of merit from experimental SNDR measurements without making use of any clock bootstrapping,analogcalibration,nordigitalcompensationtechnique. Whencoupledtoa2048\u00d72048 IR imager, the current design allows more than 50 frames per minute with a resolution of 16 effective number of bits (ENOB) while consuming less than 300 mW.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T10:20:44Z","timestamp":1496398844000},"page":"1273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Robust 96.6-dB-SNDR 50-kHz-Bandwidth Switched-Capacitor Delta-Sigma Modulator for IR Imagers in Space Instrumentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5388-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Dei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Barcelona IMB-CNM(CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stepan","family":"Sutula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Barcelona IMB-CNM(CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Cisneros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Barcelona IMB-CNM(CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Pun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arquimea Ingenier\u00eca S.L.U., 28918 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Research and Technology Centre, 2201 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Llu\u00eds","family":"Ter\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Barcelona IMB-CNM(CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Microelectronics and Electronic Systems of Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7274-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Serra-Graells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Barcelona IMB-CNM(CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Microelectronics and Electronic Systems of Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beletic, J., Blank, R., Gulbransen, D., Lee, D., Loose, M., Piquette, E., Sprafke, T., Tennant, W., Zandian, M., and Zino, J. 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