{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:27:41Z","timestamp":1772252861417,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, the methods and analysis for estimating the location of a three-dimensional (3-D) single source buried in lossy medium are presented with uniform circular array (UCA). The mathematical model of the signal in the lossy medium is proposed. Using information in the covariance matrix obtained by the sensors\u2019 outputs, equations of the source location (azimuth angle, elevation angle, and range) are obtained. Then, the phase and amplitude of the covariance matrix function are used to process the source localization in the lossy medium. By analyzing the characteristics of the proposed methods and the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method, the computational complexity and the valid scope of these methods are given. From the results, whether the loss is known or not, we can choose the best method for processing the issues (localization in lossless medium or lossy medium).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T10:20:44Z","timestamp":1496398844000},"page":"1274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Research and Analysis on the Localization of a 3-D Single Source in Lossy Medium Using Uniform Circular Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China"}]},{"given":"Guangyou","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China"}]},{"given":"Yicai","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20030819","article-title":"Algebraic path following algorithm for localizing 3-D near-field sources in uniform circular array","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electron. 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