{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:12:48Z","timestamp":1760242368496,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Object tracking and detection is one of the most significant research areas for wireless sensor networks. Existing indoor trajectory tracking schemes in wireless sensor networks are based on continuous localization and moving object data mining. Indoor trajectory tracking based on the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) has received increased attention because it has low cost and requires no special infrastructure. However, RSSI tracking introduces uncertainty because of the inaccuracies of measurement instruments and the irregularities (unstable, multipath, diffraction) of wireless signal transmissions in indoor environments. Heuristic information includes some key factors for trajectory tracking procedures. This paper proposes a novel trajectory tracking scheme based on Delaunay triangulation and heuristic information (TTDH). In this scheme, the entire field is divided into a series of triangular regions. The common side of adjacent triangular regions is regarded as a regional boundary. Our scheme detects heuristic information related to a moving object\u2019s trajectory, including boundaries and triangular regions. Then, the trajectory is formed by means of a dynamic time-warping position-fingerprint-matching algorithm with heuristic information constraints. Field experiments show that the average error distance of our scheme is less than 1.5 m, and that error does not accumulate among the regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T10:20:44Z","timestamp":1496398844000},"page":"1275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Indoor Trajectory Tracking Scheme Based on Delaunay Triangulation and Heuristic Information in Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Junping","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiwen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingxu","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.08.011","article-title":"An indoor navigation system for visually impaired and elderly people based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)","volume":"320","author":"Tsirmpas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallgrun, J. (2010). Hierarchical Voronoi Graphs Spatial Representation and Reasoning for Mobile Robots, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10345-2"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., and Collins, J. (2012). Global Positioning System: Theory and Practice, Springer. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2363157","article-title":"A handheld inertial pedestrian navigation system with accurate step modes and device poses recognition","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1237","article-title":"A Survey on Localization on Model in Wireless Network","volume":"39","author":"Qian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Comput."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2016.2519607","article-title":"An Improved K-Nearest-Neighbor Indoor Localization Method Based on Spearman Distance","volume":"23","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Bahl, P., and Padmanabhan, V.N. (2000, January 26\u201330). RADAR: An In-building RF-based User Location and Tracking System. Proceedings of the IEEE 19th International Conference on Computer Communications, Tel Aviv, Israel."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2012.214","article-title":"CSI-based indoor localization","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1049\/cje.2017.01.013","article-title":"Research on Link Quality Estimation Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Support Vector Machine","volume":"26","author":"Shu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"284","article-title":"The Indoor Localization Based on LQI Weight and Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm","volume":"30","author":"Shang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, S.-D., Meng, X.-L., Xiao, W., and Zhang, Z.-Q. (2017). Fusion of Inertial\/Magnetic Sensor Measurements and Map Information for Pedestrian Tracking. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020340"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2011.07.024","article-title":"Recent advances and trends in visual tracking: A review","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2011.11.030","article-title":"Robust visual tracking using structural region hierarchy and graph matching","volume":"89","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2007.05.017","article-title":"A Delaunay triangulation based method for wireless sensor network deployment","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.11.010","article-title":"D inverse modeling for potential fields on rugged observation surface using constrained Delaunay triangulation","volume":"76","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.30","article-title":"Principal component localization in indoor WLAN environments","volume":"11","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2013.250","article-title":"Robust trajectory estimation for crowdsourcing based mobile application","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2427","article-title":"Node Localization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks Based on SVM","volume":"51","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comput. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2636","article-title":"Indoor Location Method Based on Support Vector Regression in 802.11 Wireless Environments","volume":"25","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Softw."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1109\/8.127405","article-title":"914 MHz path loss prediction Model for Indoor Wireless Communications in Multi-floored buildings","volume":"40","author":"Seidel","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, T., Huang, C., Blum, B.M., Stankovic, J.A., and Abdelzaher, T. (2003, January 14\u201319). Range-free localization schemes for large scale sensor networks. Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/938985.938995"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-1007-z","article-title":"VN-APIT: Virtual nodes-based range-free APIT localization scheme for WSN","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1145\/2534169.2486029","article-title":"Dude, where\u2019s my card?: RFID positioning that works with multipath and non-line of sight","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1275\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:37:48Z","timestamp":1760207868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s17061275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17061275","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]}}}