{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:32:45Z","timestamp":1777545165384,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,9]],"date-time":"2017-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathogen detection in water samples, without complex and time consuming procedures such as fluorescent-labeling or culture-based incubation, is essential to public safety. We propose an immunoagglutination-based protocol together with the microfluidic device to quantify pathogen levels directly from water samples. Utilizing ubiquitous complementary metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor (CMOS) imagers from mobile electronics, a low-cost and one-step reaction detection protocol is developed to enable field detection for waterborne pathogens. 10 mL of pathogen-containing water samples was processed using the developed protocol including filtration enrichment, immune-reaction detection and imaging processing. The limit of detection of 10 E. coli O157:H7 cells\/10 mL has been demonstrated within 10 min of turnaround time. The protocol can readily be integrated into a mobile electronics such as smartphones for rapid and reproducible field detection of waterborne pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,9]],"date-time":"2017-06-09T10:29:59Z","timestamp":1497004199000},"page":"1348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Rapid Waterborne Pathogen Detection with Mobile Electronics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tsung-Feng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VOR, Inc., San Diego 92122, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VOR, Inc., San Diego 92122, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VOR, Inc., San Diego 92122, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashwini S.","family":"Kucknoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advances in Water & Air Quality, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5990-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Che-Jen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advances in Water & Air Quality, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-9592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Hwa","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Wei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advances in Water & Air Quality, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advances in Water & Air Quality, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2017, February 20). 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