{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:49:49Z","timestamp":1780580989788,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]],"date-time":"2017-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61102102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61102102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11134011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11134011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11374371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11374371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010244","name":"Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum, Beijing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2462015YQ0516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2462015YQ0516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010244","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005154","name":"PetroChina Innovation Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014D-5006-0307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014D-5006-0307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005154","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A logging-while-drilling (LWD) caliper is a tool used for the real-time measurement of a borehole diameter in oil drilling engineering. This study introduces the mechanical structure and working principle of a new LWD caliper based on ultrasonic distance measurement (UDM). The detection range is a major performance index of a UDM system. This index is determined by the blind zone length and remote reflecting interface detection capability of the system. To reduce the blind zone length and detect near the reflecting interface, a full bridge acoustic emission technique based on bootstrap gate driver (BGD) and metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) is designed by analyzing the working principle and impedance characteristics of a given piezoelectric transducer. To detect the remote reflecting interface and reduce the dynamic range of the received echo signals, the relationships between the echo amplitude and propagation distance of ultrasonic waves are determined. A signal compensation technique based on time-varying amplification theory, which can automatically change the gain according to the echo arrival time is designed. Lastly, the aforementioned techniques and corresponding circuits are experimentally verified. Results show that the blind zone length in the UDM system of the LWD caliper is significantly reduced and the capability to detect the remote reflecting interface is considerably improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]],"date-time":"2017-06-12T10:27:59Z","timestamp":1497263279000},"page":"1351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Acoustic Emission and Echo Signal Compensation Techniques Applied to an Ultrasonic Logging-While-Drilling Caliper"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7507-320X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongchao","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junqiang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baiyong","family":"Men","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Application of Outcrop Analogues to Optimize LWD Acquisition for More Confident Formation Evaluation in High Angle and Horizontal Wells (Russian)","volume":"138","author":"Farag","year":"2008","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"491","article-title":"Field Testing of a New LWD Triaxial Sensor for Anisotropy And Dip Measurement In Vertical And Deviated Wells","volume":"53","author":"Bittar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2118\/97224-PA","article-title":"A New-Generation LWD Tool With Colocated Sensors Opens New Opportunities for Formation Evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Neville","year":"2007","journal-title":"SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"10","article-title":"Advances and trends in logging while drilling technology","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Well Logging Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.2118\/36545-PA","article-title":"Field Examples of Ultrasonically-Enhanced Density, Neutron-Porosity, and Caliper Logs Obtained While Drilling","volume":"1","author":"Schultz","year":"1996","journal-title":"SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Mwd Ultrasonic Caliper Advanced Detection Techniques","volume":"188","author":"Aithoff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"48","article-title":"Design of the Logging While Drilling Caliper Tool Based on Ultrasonic Distance Measurement","volume":"31","author":"Ni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2006.880337","article-title":"A Single-Capacitor Bootstrapped Power-Efficient CMOS Driver","volume":"53","author":"Garcia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2014, December 18). Design and Application Guide of Bootstrap Circuit for High-Voltage Gate-Drive IC. Available online: https:\/\/www.fairchildsemi.com\/application-notes\/AN\/AN-6076.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Wang, C.C., Lee, C.L., Lin, L.P., and Tseng, Y.-L. (2005, January 23\u201326). Wideband 70 dB CMOS digital variable gain amplifier design for DVB-T receiver\u2019s AGC. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Kobe, Japan."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"54","article-title":"Compensation for diffusion loss of sound wave in sonar system","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Meas. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasjanov, A., and Barzdenas, V. (2015, January 21). Design of a time-gain-compensation amplifier for ultrasonic echo signal processing. Proceedings of 2015 Open Conference on Electrical, Electronic and Information Sciences, Vilnius, Lithuania.","DOI":"10.1109\/eStream.2015.7119501"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Lee, D.S., and Ahn, M.J. (2011). Ultrasound system and signal processing unit configured for time gain and lateral gain compensation. (8,016,759), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"412","article-title":"Investigation on sound distribution and directivity of typical piston transducer","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. PLA Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.670-671.1233","article-title":"The Study on Broad Directivity Characteristic of Piston Transducer with Finite Baffle","volume":"670","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-2132\/6\/3\/006","article-title":"The velocity and attenuation anisotropy of shale at ultrasonic frequency","volume":"6","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-2132\/11\/4\/045008","article-title":"Design of acoustic logging signal source of imitation based on field programmable gate array","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045006","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-2132\/11\/4\/045006","article-title":"Azimuthally acoustic logging tool to evaluate cementing quality","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:38:42Z","timestamp":1760207922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s17061351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17061351","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]]}}}