{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T13:30:23Z","timestamp":1773754223377,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1UL1TR001111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UL1TR001111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photoacoustic (PA) technology holds great potential in clinical translation as a new non-invasive bioimaging modality. In contrast to conventional optical imaging, PA imaging (PAI) enables higher resolution imaging with deeper imaging depth. Besides applications for diagnosis, PA has also been extended to theranostic applications. The guidance of PAI facilitates remotely controlled drug delivery. This review focuses on the recent development of PAI-mediated drug delivery systems. We provide an overview of the design of different PAI agents for drug delivery. The challenges and further opportunities regarding PA therapy are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T10:07:33Z","timestamp":1497521253000},"page":"1400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Photoacoustic Drug Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"},{"name":"Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jicheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"},{"name":"Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kahkoska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"},{"name":"Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1074","article-title":"Looking and listening to light: The evolution of whole-body photonic imaging","volume":"23","author":"Ntziachristos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1216210","article-title":"Photoacoustic tomography: In vivo imaging from organelles to organs","volume":"335","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.29","article-title":"Advances in real-time multispectral optoacoustic imaging and its applications","volume":"9","author":"Taruttis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5758","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3013698","article-title":"Prospects of photoacoustic tomography","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, A.G. (1880). The photophone. Science, 130\u2013134.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.os-1.12.130"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, A.G. (1881). The production of sound by radiant energy. Science, 242\u2013253.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.os-2.48.242"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt839","article-title":"Noninvasive laser-induced photoacoustic tomography for structural and functional in vivo imaging of the brain","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1220","article-title":"Functional photoacoustic microscopy for high-resolution and noninvasive in vivo imaging","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"789","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of drug delivery after ultrasound application: A new use for the photoacoustic technique","volume":"125","author":"Barja","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. IV"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2195024","article-title":"Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine","volume":"77","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beard, P. (2011). Biomedical photoacoustic imaging. Interface Focus, rsfs20110028.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0028"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2011.01.006","article-title":"Photoacoustic imaging in cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment guidance","volume":"29","author":"Mallidi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450116666150707100328","article-title":"Opportunities for photoacoustic-guided drug delivery","volume":"16","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056010","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.5.056010","article-title":"Performance characterization of an integrated ultrasound, photoacoustic, and thermoacoustic imaging system","volume":"17","author":"Ke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900266s","article-title":"In vivo photoacoustic tomography of chemicals: High-resolution functional and molecular optical imaging at new depths","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1483","article-title":"Going deeper than microscopy: The optical imaging frontier in biology","volume":"7","author":"Ntziachristos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3929","article-title":"Contrast agents for molecular photoacoustic imaging","volume":"13","author":"Weber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.000507","article-title":"Deeply penetrating photoacoustic tomography in biological tissues enhanced with an optical contrast agent","volume":"30","author":"Ku","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7132","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00086B","article-title":"Structural and functional photoacoustic molecular tomography aided by emerging contrast agents","volume":"43","author":"Nie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2008.00507.x","article-title":"Gold nanorods as contrast agents for biological imaging: Optical properties, surface conjugation and photothermal effects","volume":"85","author":"Tong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3684","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201001329","article-title":"Gold nanocages: A novel class of multifunctional nanomaterials for theranostic applications","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.20.3.036002","article-title":"Transurethral light delivery for prostate photoacoustic imaging","volume":"20","author":"Bell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Chen, W.R., Tang, S., Chen, J., Samant, P., and Xiang, L. (2016, January 13\u201318). Photoacoustic image-guided drug delivery in the prostate. Proceedings of the 2016 SPIE BiOS Biophotonics and Immune Responses XI, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1021\/ar200022e","article-title":"Cancer theranostics with near-infrared light-activatable multimodal nanoparticles","volume":"44","author":"Melancon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saalberg, Y., Bruhns, H., and Wolff, M. (2017). Photoacoustic spectroscopy for the determination of lung cancer biomarkers\u2014A preliminary investigation. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010210"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056016","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.5.056016","article-title":"In vivo preclinical photoacoustic imaging of tumor vasculature development and therapy","volume":"17","author":"Laufer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2387","article-title":"Light in and sound out: Emerging translational strategies for photoacoustic imaging","volume":"74","author":"Zackrisson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041006","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.4.041006","article-title":"Recent advances toward preclinical and clinical translation of photoacoustic tomography: A review","volume":"22","author":"Upputuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.16151414","article-title":"Photoacoustic Imaging in oncology: Translational preclinical and early clinical experience","volume":"280","author":"Valluru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs15340h","article-title":"Nanomaterials for targeted detection and photothermal killing of bacteria","volume":"41","author":"Ray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9494","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR00708E","article-title":"Nanoparticles for photothermal therapies","volume":"6","author":"Jaque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2010.09.002","article-title":"Development and applications of photo-triggered theranostic agents","volume":"62","author":"Rai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.02.006","article-title":"Photochemical mechanisms of light-triggered release from nanocarriers","volume":"64","author":"Fomina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shangguan, H., Casperson, L.W., Shearin, A., Gregory, K.W., and Prahl, S.A. (1995). Photoacoustic drug delivery: The effect of laser parameters on the spatial distribution of delivered drug. Proc. SPIE, 2391.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.209907"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shangguan, H., Casperson, L.W., Shearin, A., and Prahl, S.A. (1996). Investigation of cavitation bubble dynamics using particle image velocimetry: Implications for photoacoustic drug delivery. Proc. SPIE, 2671.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.239998"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.08.033","article-title":"Spatiotemporal drug delivery using laser-generated-focused ultrasound system","volume":"220","author":"Di","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1021\/ar200061q","article-title":"Gold nanocages: From synthesis to theranostic applications","volume":"44","author":"Xia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3816","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201200962","article-title":"Pd Nanosheet-Covered Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Platform for the Chemo-Photothermal Treatment of Cancer Cells","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34991","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b11262","article-title":"Indocyanine Green-Loaded Silver Nanoparticle@Polyaniline Core\/Shell Theranostic Nanocomposites for Photoacoustic\/Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging-Guided and Single-Light-Triggered Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201404358","article-title":"Engineering Gold Nanotubes with Controlled Length and Near-Infrared Absorption for Theranostic Applications","volume":"25","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304497","article-title":"PEGylated WS2 Nanosheets as a Multifunctional Theranostic Agent for in vivo Dual-Modal CT\/Photoacoustic Imaging Guided Photothermal Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6380","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR00893J","article-title":"Two-dimensional TiS2 nanosheets for in vivo photoacoustic imaging and photothermal cancer therapy","volume":"7","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.11802","article-title":"Smart MoS2\/Fe3O4 Nanotheranostic for Magnetically Targeted Photothermal Therapy Guided by Magnetic Resonance\/Photoacoustic Imaging","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7489","DOI":"10.1021\/nn302782y","article-title":"Copper sulfide nanoparticles as a new class of photoacoustic contrast agent for deep tissue imaging at 1064-nm","volume":"6","author":"Ku","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16005","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR03398A","article-title":"Highly porous PEGylated Bi2S3 nano-urchins as a versatile platform for in vivo triple-modal imaging, photothermal therapy and drug delivery","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201405634","article-title":"Co9Se8 nanoplates as a new theranostic platform for photoacoustic\/magnetic resonance dual-modal-imaging-guided chemo-photothermal combination therapy","volume":"27","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201500870","article-title":"A Facile One-Pot Synthesis of a Two-Dimensional MoS2\/Bi2S3 Composite Theranostic Nanosystem for Multi-Modality Tumor Imaging and Therapy","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201403249","article-title":"Ultrasmall Cu2\u2212xS Nanodots for Highly Efficient Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Photothermal Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Mou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201104964","article-title":"Multimodal imaging guided photothermal therapy using functionalized graphene nanosheets anchored with magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.231","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes as photoacoustic molecular imaging agents in living mice","volume":"3","author":"Zavaleta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2009.241","article-title":"Promises, facts and challenges for carbon nanotubes in imaging and therapeutics","volume":"4","author":"Kostarelos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00300D","article-title":"Two-dimensional graphene analogues for biomedical applications","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1021\/nl1042006","article-title":"Silica-coated gold nanorods as photoacoustic signal nano-amplifiers","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10366","DOI":"10.1021\/nn304347g","article-title":"Gold nanorods for ovarian cancer detection with photoacoustic imaging and resection guidance via Raman imaging in living mice","volume":"6","author":"Jokerst","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12096","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR01568E","article-title":"A dual wavelength-activatable gold nanorod complex for synergistic cancer treatment","volume":"7","author":"Pacardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1021\/nl802746w","article-title":"Near-infrared gold nanocages as a new class of tracers for photoacoustic sentinel lymph node mapping on a rat model","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.1021\/nn100736c","article-title":"In vivo molecular photoacoustic tomography of melanomas targeted by bio-conjugated gold nanocages","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.7064","article-title":"Gold nanocage-photosensitizer conjugates for dual-modal image-guided enhanced photodynamic therapy","volume":"4","author":"Srivatsan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8210","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201404013","article-title":"Core\u2013Shell Pd@ Au Nanoplates as Theranostic Agents for In-Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging, CT Imaging, and Photothermal Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7238","DOI":"10.1021\/jp057170o","article-title":"Calculated absorption and scattering properties of gold nanoparticles of different size, shape, and composition: Applications in biological imaging and biomedicine","volume":"110","author":"Jain","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.07.025","article-title":"Paclitaxel-loaded chitosan oligosaccharide-stabilized gold nanoparticles as novel agents for drug delivery and photoacoustic imaging of cancer cells","volume":"511","author":"Manivasagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14208","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201308986","article-title":"Biodegradable gold nanovesicles with an ultrastrong plasmonic coupling effect for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy","volume":"125","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/17\/20\/022","article-title":"Optical amplification of photothermal therapy with gold nanoparticles and nanoclusters","volume":"17","author":"Khlebtsov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1627","article-title":"Biomedical photoacoustics beyond thermal expansion using triggered nanodroplet vaporization for contrast-enhanced imaging","volume":"3","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.02.010","article-title":"Imaging-guided photoacoustic drug release and synergistic chemo-photoacoustic therapy with paclitaxel-containing nanoparticles","volume":"226","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, S., Yang, Y., Zhang, C., Zhao, N., and Xu, F.J. (2017). NIR-Responsive Polycationic Gatekeeper-Cloaked Hetero-Nanoparticles for Multimodal Imaging-Guided Triple-Combination Therapy of Cancer. Small, 13.","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201603133"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5896","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b02413","article-title":"Magneto-Plasmonic Nanocapsules for Multimodal-Imaging and Magnetically Guided Combination Cancer Therapy","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.07.020","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo mapping of drug release after laser ablation thermal therapy with doxorubicin-loaded hollow gold nanoshells using fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging","volume":"172","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1021\/ja200894u","article-title":"A new theranostic system based on gold nanocages and phase-change materials with unique features for photoacoustic imaging and controlled release","volume":"133","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201403991","article-title":"A Versatile Nanotheranostic Agent for Efficient Dual-Mode Imaging Guided Synergistic Chemo-Thermal Tumor Therapy","volume":"25","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11567","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc36456e","article-title":"Prussian blue nanoparticles operate as a new generation of photothermal ablation agents for cancer therapy","volume":"48","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11029","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc42510j","article-title":"Prussian blue nanoparticles operate as a contrast agent for enhanced photoacoustic imaging","volume":"49","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.04.005","article-title":"Prussian blue coated gold nanoparticles for simultaneous photoacoustic\/CT bimodal imaging and photothermal ablation of cancer","volume":"35","author":"Jing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.09.004","article-title":"PEGylated Prussian blue nanocubes as a theranostic agent for simultaneous cancer imaging and photothermal therapy","volume":"35","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Zeng, K., Liu, H., Ouyang, J., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Deng, L., and Liu, Y.N. (2017). Cell Membrane Camouflaged Hollow Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for Synergistic Photothermal-\/Chemotherapy of Cancer. Adv. Funct. Mater., 27.","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201605795"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201306097","article-title":"Tunable Plasmon Resonances in Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Oxide Nanoflakes","volume":"26","author":"Alsaif","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.10.048","article-title":"One-pot synthesis of PEGylated plasmonic MoO(3-x) hollow nanospheres for photoacoustic imaging guided chemo-photothermal combinational therapy of cancer","volume":"76","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2009.231","article-title":"Golden carbon nanotubes as multimodal photoacoustic and photothermal high-contrast molecular agents","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1021\/nl100890d","article-title":"Ultra-High sensitivity carbon nanotube agents for photoacoustic molecular imaging in living mice","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.06.058","article-title":"Functional long circulating single walled carbon nanotubes for fluorescent\/photoacoustic imaging-guided enhanced phototherapy","volume":"103","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200801820","article-title":"Cancer-cell targeting and photoacoustic therapy using carbon nanotubes as \u201cBomb\u201d agents","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7005","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b13475","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticle Coated Carbon Nanotube Ring with Enhanced Raman Scattering and Photothermal Conversion Property for Theranostic Applications","volume":"138","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.11.004","article-title":"Single walled carbon nanotubes as drug delivery vehicles: Targeting doxorubicin to tumors","volume":"33","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201403079","article-title":"Mesoporous Silica Coated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Multifunctional Light-Responsive Platform for Cancer Combination Therapy","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b05164","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticle\/Graphene Oxide Hybrid Sheets Attached on Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Effective Photothermal Cancer Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12141","DOI":"10.1021\/nn505989e","article-title":"Early-stage imaging of nanocarrier-enhanced chemotherapy response in living subjects by scalable photoacoustic microscopy","volume":"8","author":"Nie","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.03.090","article-title":"Protein-assisted fabrication of nano-reduced graphene oxide for combined in vivo photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy","volume":"34","author":"Sheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1021\/nn506516p","article-title":"Amplified photoacoustic performance and enhanced photothermal stability of reduced graphene oxide coated gold nanorods for sensitive photoacoustic imaging","volume":"9","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9199","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b03804","article-title":"Sequential drug release and enhanced photothermal and photoacoustic effect of hybrid reduced graphene oxide-loaded ultrasmall gold nanorod vesicles for cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2986","article-title":"Porphysome nanovesicles generated by porphyrin bilayers for use as multimodal biophotonic contrast agents","volume":"10","author":"Lovell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6570","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00014E","article-title":"Polymer-encapsulated organic nanoparticles for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.302","article-title":"Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as photoacoustic molecular imaging probes in living mice","volume":"9","author":"Pu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201402972","article-title":"Perylene-Diimide-Based Nanoparticles as Highly Efficient Photoacoustic Agents for Deep Brain Tumor Imaging in Living Mice","volume":"27","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4472","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b00168","article-title":"Intraparticle molecular orbital engineering of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as amplified theranostics for in vivo photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy","volume":"10","author":"Lyu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1021\/nn102274q","article-title":"Non-invasive Photoacoustic and Fluorescence Sentinel Lymph Node Identification using Dye-loaded Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Akers","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.01.004","article-title":"Recent advances of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles in in vivo molecular imaging","volume":"240","author":"Pu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4462","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr00627a","article-title":"Biocompatible polypyrrole nanoparticles as a novel organic photoacoustic contrast agent for deep tissue imaging","volume":"5","author":"Zha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5893","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201301045","article-title":"PEGylated micelle nanoparticles encapsulating a non-fluorescent near-infrared organic dye as a safe and highly-effective photothermal agent for in vivo cancer therapy","volume":"23","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041007","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.4.041007","article-title":"Near-infrared light-responsive liposomal contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging and drug release applications","volume":"22","author":"Sivasubramanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12250","DOI":"10.1021\/nn506130t","article-title":"Activatable hyaluronic acid nanoparticle as a theranostic agent for optical\/photoacoustic image-guided photothermal therapy","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4125","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.004125","article-title":"Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles containing gold nanoparticles and Paclitaxel for cancer imaging and drug delivery using photoacoustic methods","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.16633","article-title":"Versatile pH-response Micelles with High Cell-Penetrating Helical Diblock Copolymers for Photoacoustic Imaging Guided Synergistic Chemo-Photothermal Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15323","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR04835H","article-title":"Photosensitizer cross-linked nano-micelle platform for multimodal imaging guided synergistic photothermal\/photodynamic therapy","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.02.018","article-title":"Dual imaging-guided photothermal\/photodynamic therapy using micelles","volume":"35","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6492","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201401451","article-title":"Engineering of Multifunctional Nano-Micelles for Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy Under the Guidance of Multimodal Imaging","volume":"24","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3496","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b07706","article-title":"Intracellularly Acid-Switchable Multifunctional Micelles for Combinational Photo\/Chemotherapy of the Drug-Resistant Tumor","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b07927","article-title":"Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Triphenylamine Organic Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Reagents for Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Photodynamic\/Photothermal Synergistic Tumor Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605094","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201605094","article-title":"Biocompatible D-A Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticle with Light-Harvesting Unit for Highly Effective Photoacoustic Imaging Guided Photothermal Therapy","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15185","DOI":"10.1021\/ja505412p","article-title":"Transferring biomarker into molecular probe: Melanin nanoparticle as a naturally active platform for multimodality imaging","volume":"136","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0749.2003.00098.x","article-title":"Isolation and biophysical studies of natural eumelanins: Applications of imaging technologies and ultrafast spectroscopy","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5063","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201502201","article-title":"Engineering Melanin Nanoparticles as an Efficient Drug-Delivery System for Imaging-Guided Chemotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3390\/s130100535","article-title":"Mid-infrared fiber-coupled photoacoustic sensor for biomedical applications","volume":"13","author":"Kottmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2017.42","article-title":"Conjugated polymer nanomaterials for theranostics","volume":"38","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12536","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00369","article-title":"Mechanical Force-Triggered Drug Delivery","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16075","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.75","article-title":"Bioresponsive materials","volume":"2","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1400\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:39:15Z","timestamp":1760207955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s17061400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17061400","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]}}}