{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:13:21Z","timestamp":1760242401773,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,17]],"date-time":"2017-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61370229, 61379110, 61572526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61370229, 61379110, 61572526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)","award":["2014CB046305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014CB046305"]}]},{"name":"the S &amp;T Projects of Guangdong Province","award":["2014B010117007, 2015A030401087, 2015B010110002, 2015B010109003 and 2016B010109008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014B010117007, 2015A030401087, 2015B010110002, 2015B010109003 and 2016B010109008"]}]},{"name":"GDUPS","award":["2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015"]}]},{"name":"the S &amp; T Project of Guangzhou Municipality","award":["201604010054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201604010054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fog (from core to edge) computing is a newly emerging computing platform, which utilizes a large number of network devices at the edge of a network to provide ubiquitous computing, thus having great development potential. However, the issue of security poses an important challenge for fog computing. In particular, the Internet of Things (IoT) that constitutes the fog computing platform is crucial for preserving the security of a huge number of wireless sensors, which are vulnerable to attack. In this paper, a new unequal probability marking approach is proposed to enhance the security performance of logging and migration traceback (LM) schemes in tree-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The main contribution of this paper is to overcome the deficiency of the LM scheme that has a higher network lifetime and large storage space. In the unequal probability marking logging and migration (UPLM) scheme of this paper, different marking probabilities are adopted for different nodes according to their distances to the sink. A large marking probability is assigned to nodes in remote areas (areas at a long distance from the sink), while a small marking probability is applied to nodes in nearby area (areas at a short distance from the sink). This reduces the consumption of storage and energy in addition to enhancing the security performance, lifetime, and storage capacity. Marking information will be migrated to nodes at a longer distance from the sink for increasing the amount of stored marking information, thus enhancing the security performance in the process of migration. The experimental simulation shows that for general tree-based WSNs, the UPLM scheme proposed in this paper can store 1.12\u20131.28 times the amount of stored marking information that the equal probability marking approach achieves, and has 1.15\u20131.26 times the storage utilization efficiency compared with other schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,19]],"date-time":"2017-06-19T10:29:26Z","timestamp":1497868166000},"page":"1418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unequal Probability Marking Approach to Enhance Security of Traceback Scheme in Tree-Based WSNs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Changqin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology in Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5190-4761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengbang","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The affiliated middle school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-net.2015.0034","article-title":"Theoretical modelling of fog computing: A green computing paradigm to support IoT applications","volume":"5","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2014.2308391","article-title":"Mobile Target Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks with Adjustable Sensing Frequency","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. 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