{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T14:18:10Z","timestamp":1761920290632,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]],"date-time":"2017-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The linear array push broom imaging mode is widely used for high resolution optical satellites (HROS). Using double-cameras attached by a high-rigidity support along with push broom imaging is one method to enlarge the field of view while ensuring high resolution. High accuracy image mosaicking is the key factor of the geometrical quality of complete stitched satellite imagery. This paper proposes a high accuracy image mosaicking approach based on the big virtual camera (BVC) in the double-camera system on the GaoFen2 optical remote sensing satellite (GF2). A big virtual camera can be built according to the rigorous imaging model of a single camera; then, each single image strip obtained by each TDI-CCD detector can be re-projected to the virtual detector of the big virtual camera coordinate system using forward-projection and backward-projection to obtain the corresponding single virtual image. After an on-orbit calibration and relative orientation, the complete final virtual image can be obtained by stitching the single virtual images together based on their coordinate information on the big virtual detector image plane. The paper subtly uses the concept of the big virtual camera to obtain a stitched image and the corresponding high accuracy rational function model (RFM) for concurrent post processing. Experiments verified that the proposed method can achieve seamless mosaicking while maintaining the geometric accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]],"date-time":"2017-06-20T10:15:38Z","timestamp":1497953738000},"page":"1441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Image Mosaicking Approach for a Double-Camera System in the GaoFen2 Optical Remote Sensing Satellite Based on the Big Virtual Camera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7688-3477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufeng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Shuying","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5708-3252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"DSM generation and interior orientation determination of IKONOS images using a testfield in Switzerland","volume":"1","author":"Baltsavias","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Fernerkund. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12100","article-title":"In-orbit Geometric Calibration and Validation of ZY-3 Three-line Cameras Based on CCD-Detector Look Angles","volume":"30","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Lussy, F.D., Kubik, P., Greslou, D., Pascal, V., and Gigord, P. (2005, January 17\u201320). Pleiades-HR image system products and quality Pleiades-HR image system products and geometric accuracy. Proceedings of the ISPRS Hannover Workshop, Hannover, Germany."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00137-9","article-title":"Image registration methods: A survey","volume":"21","author":"Zitova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ait-Aoudia, S., Mahiou, R., Djebli, H., and Guerrout, E.H. (2012, January 11\u201313). Satellite and aerial image mosaicking\u2014A comparative insight. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Visualisation, Montpellier, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IV.2012.113"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"115","article-title":"Mosaicking of orthorectified aerial images","volume":"64","author":"Afek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5357","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160601105850","article-title":"Orthorectified image mosaic of Antarctica from 1963 Argon satellite photography: Image processing and glaciological applications","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036027","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.10.036027","article-title":"Computer vision\u2013based orthorectification and georeferencing of aerial image sets","volume":"10","author":"Faraji","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-006-0002-3","article-title":"Automatic Panoramic Image Stitching using Invariant Features","volume":"74","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"55","article-title":"Image stitching system based on ORB feature-based technique and compensation blending","volume":"6","author":"Adel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"11","article-title":"Analysis of Feature Point Distributions for Fast Image Mosaicing Algorithms","volume":"50","author":"Behrens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Polytech. J. Adv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1165","article-title":"An Inner FOV Stiching Method for Non-collinear TDI CCD Images","volume":"43","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.81.1.25","article-title":"Correction of Distortions in YG-12 High-Resolution Panchromatic Images","volume":"81","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2011.00665.x","article-title":"Review of developments in geometric modelling for high resolution satellite pushbroom sensors","volume":"27","author":"Poli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000101611","article-title":"Review article: Geometric processing of remote sensing images: Models, algorithms and methods","volume":"25","author":"Toutin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6054391","article-title":"On-Orbit geometric calibration model and its applications for high-resolution optical satellite imagery","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12052","article-title":"In-Orbit Geometric Calibration and Validation of ZY-3 Linear Array Sensors","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.05.012","article-title":"Correction of ZY-3 image distortion caused by satellite jitter via virtual steady reimaging using attitude data","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7674","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2316419","article-title":"Detection and Correction of Relative Attitude Errors for ZY1-02C","volume":"52","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"519","article-title":"Pleiades HR in flight geometrical calibration: Location and mapping of the focal plane","volume":"39","author":"Greslou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.01.004","article-title":"On-orbit geometric calibration and geometric quality assessment for the high-resolution geostationary optical satellite GaoFen4","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4616","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2403957","article-title":"Calibration and Validation of ZY-3 Optical Sensors","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.1.53","article-title":"Bias compensation in rational functions for IKONOS satellite imagery","volume":"69","author":"Fraser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"69","article-title":"Sensor orientation for high-resolution satellite imagery","volume":"34","author":"Hanley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1441\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:39:41Z","timestamp":1760207981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s17061441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17061441","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]]}}}