{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T08:17:24Z","timestamp":1773476244571,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51664014\uff0c51662008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51664014\uff0c51662008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013064","name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20161BBE50076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20161BBE50076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004479","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20171BAB206045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20171BAB206045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Education Department of Jiangxi Province","award":["GJJ160491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ160491"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper firstly introduces the importance of temperature control in concrete measurement, then a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor tag embedded for concrete temperature monitoring is presented. In order to reduce the influences of concrete electromagnetic parameters during the drying process, a T-type antenna is proposed to measure the concrete temperature at the required depth. The proposed RFID sensor tag is based on the EPC generation-2 ultra-high frequency (UHF) communication protocol and operates in passive mode. The temperature sensor can convert the sensor signals to corresponding digital signals without an external reference clock due to the adoption of phase-locked loop (PLL)-based architecture. Laboratory experimentation and on-site testing demonstrate that our sensor tag embedded in concrete can provide reliable communication performance in passive mode. The maximum communicating distance between reader and tag is 7 m at the operating frequency of 915 MHz and the tested results show high consistency with the results tested by a thermocouple.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T10:11:35Z","timestamp":1498126295000},"page":"1463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Novel Concrete Temperature Monitoring Method Based on an Embedded Passive RFID Sensor Tag"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangming","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yigang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rising Micro Electronics Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuangxi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2227468","article-title":"Analysis and Back-Analysis for Temperature Field of Concrete Arch Dam During Construction Period Based on Temperature Data Measured by DTS","volume":"13","author":"Su","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz, J.M., Schindler, A.K., Rasmussen, R.O., Nelson, P.K., and Chang, G.K. (2001, January 9\u201313). Concrete Temperature Modeling and Strength Prediction Using Maturity Concepts in the FHWA HIPERPAV Software. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. The Use of Concrete in Developing Long-Lasting Pavement Solutions for the 21st Century, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.33593\/iccp.v7i1.196"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"201","article-title":"Bond strength development with maturity of high-early-strength bonded concrete overlays","volume":"97","author":"Delatte","year":"2000","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.04.023","article-title":"Fine aggregate and curing temperature effect on concrete maturity","volume":"35","author":"Topcu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(01)00642-1","article-title":"The effect of temperature on the hydration rate and stability of the hydration phases of metakaolin\u2013lime\u2013water systems","volume":"32","author":"Rojas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.08.017","article-title":"Thermodynamic modelling of the effect of temperature on the hydration and porosity of Portland cement","volume":"38","author":"Lothenbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2006.11.016","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the pore solution, microstructure and hydration products of Portland cement pastes","volume":"37","author":"Lothenbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Hou, X., and Zheng, W. (2011, January 16\u201318). Experiment and Analysis on Temperature Distribution of Prestressed Concrete Beams and Slabs. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet), Xianning, China."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, Q. (2009, January 5\u20137). Research of a Cold End Temperature Compensation for Thermal Couple. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics, Shenyang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAL.2009.5262789"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02481556","article-title":"Effects of elevated temperature exposure on heating characteristics, spalling, and residual properties of high performance concrete","volume":"34","author":"Phan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2172991","article-title":"Fiber-Optic Strain Sensor System with Temperature Compensation for Arch Bridge Condition Monitoring","volume":"12","author":"Mokhtar","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2021796","article-title":"Development and Longer Term In Situ Evaluation of Fiber-Optic Sensors for Monitoring of Structural Concrete","volume":"9","author":"Mcpolin","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsayyari, A., Kostanic, I., and Otero, C.E. (2015, January 13\u201315). An Empirical Path Loss Model for Wireless Sensor Network Deployment in a Concrete Surface Environment. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 16th Annual Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference (WAMICON), Cocoa Beach, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAMICON.2015.7120311"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cammarano, A., Spenza, D., and Petrioli, C. (2013, January 14\u201319). Energy-harvesting WSNs for structural health monitoring of underground train tunnels. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops, Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2013.6562850"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11442","DOI":"10.3390\/s150511442","article-title":"Design of an Embedded CMOS Temperature Sensor for Passive RFID Tag Chips","volume":"15","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6872","DOI":"10.3390\/s150306872","article-title":"A CMOS Pressure Sensor Tag Chip for Passive Wireless Applications","volume":"15","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25564","DOI":"10.3390\/s151025564","article-title":"Design of a Humidity Sensor Tag for Passive Wireless Applications","volume":"15","author":"Xiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S., Deng, F., Yu, L., Li, B., Wu, X., and Yin, B. (2016). A Novel Passive Wireless Sensor for Concrete Humidity Monitoring. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091535"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2242272","article-title":"Novel microfluidic structures for wireless passive temperature telemetry medical systems using radar interrogation techniques in ka-band","volume":"11","author":"Bouaziz","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2012.2213838","article-title":"Passive wireless temperature sensor based on time-coded UWB chipless RFID tags","volume":"60","author":"Girbau","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2298692","article-title":"RAMSES: RFID augmented module for smart environmental sensing","volume":"63","author":"Catarinucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2293177","article-title":"A Battery-Assisted Sensor-Enhanced RFID Tag Enabling Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"14","author":"Catarinucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2011.2167548","article-title":"A multifrequency passive sensing tag with on-chip temperature sensor and off-chip sensor interface using EPC HF and UHF RFID technology","volume":"46","author":"Reinisch","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"95","article-title":"Full passive UHF tag with a temperature sensor suitable for human body temperature monitoring","volume":"57","author":"Vaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Exp. Briefs"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2404","article-title":"A system-on-chip EPC Gen-2 passive UHF RFID tag with embedded temperature sensor","volume":"45","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Deng, F., and Wu, X. (2015, January 16\u201318). A Passive RFID Sensor Tag for Intelligent Concrete Temperature Control. Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechatronics, Materials, Chemistry and Computer Engineering, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/icmmcce-15.2015.223"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-8695(01)00009-3","article-title":"Dielectric properties of concrete and their influence on radar testing","volume":"34","author":"Soutsos","year":"2001","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2008.03.011","article-title":"Evaluation of dielectric properties of concrete by a numerical FDTD model of a GPR coupled antenna\u2014parametric study","volume":"41","author":"Klysz","year":"2008","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2011.2173147","article-title":"Optimum Wireless Powering of Sensors Embedded in Concrete","volume":"60","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"189","article-title":"High-efficiency Differential RF front-end for a Gen2 RFID Tag","volume":"58","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Exp. Briefs"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzari, S., Musa, T., Randazzo, M., and Rinald, Z. (2014, January 8\u20139). A Passive Temperature Radio-Sensor for Concrete Maturation Monitoring. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE RFID Technology and Applications Conference, Tampere, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/RFID-TA.2014.6934212"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2012.2214831","article-title":"A CMOS temperature sensor with a voltage-calibrated inaccuracy of 0.15 C (3\u03c3) from 55 \u00b0C to 125 \u00b0C","volume":"48","author":"Souri","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2013.2278388","article-title":"A passive RFID tag embedded temperature sensor with improved process spreads immunity for a \u221230 \u00b0C to 60 \u00b0C sensing range","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Zhou, S., and Wu, N. (2007, January 12\u201314). A Novel Ultra-Low Power Temperature Sensor for UHF RFID Tag Chip. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (ASSCC), Jeju, Korea."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2010.2047456","article-title":"A sub-\u00b5W embedded CMOS temperature sensor for RFID food monitoring application","volume":"45","author":"Law","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"891","article-title":"A 405-nW CMOS temperature sensor based on linear MOS operation","volume":"56","author":"Law","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Exp. Briefs"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2011.04.047","article-title":"A novel PLL-based frequency-to-digital conversion mechanism for sensor interfaces","volume":"172","author":"Danneels","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamalinejad, P., Keikhosravy, K., and Mirabbasi, S. (2013, January 4\u20135). A CMOS Rectifier with an Extended High-Efficiency Region of Operation. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE RFID Technology and Applications Conference (RFID-TA), Johor Bahru, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/RFID-TA.2013.6694527"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1463\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:39:57Z","timestamp":1760207997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s17071463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17071463","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]}}}