{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:13:31Z","timestamp":1760242411968,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]],"date-time":"2017-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a composite channel virtual time reversal mirror (CCVTRM) for vertical sensor array (VSA) processing and applies it to long-range underwater acoustic (UWA) communication in shallow water. Because of weak signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), it is unable to accurately estimate the channel impulse response of each sensor of the VSA, thus the traditional passive time reversal mirror (PTRM) cannot perform well in long-range UWA communication in shallow water. However, CCVTRM only needs to estimate the composite channel of the VSA to accomplish time reversal mirror (TRM), which can effectively mitigate the inter-symbol interference (ISI) and reduce the bit error rate (BER). In addition, the calculation of CCVTRM is simpler than traditional PTRM. An UWA communication experiment using a VSA of 12 sensors was conducted in the South China Sea. The experiment achieves a very low BER communication at communication rate of 66.7 bit\/s over an 80 km range. The results of the sea trial demonstrate that CCVTRM is feasible and can be applied to long-range UWA communication in shallow water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,28]],"date-time":"2017-06-28T10:25:56Z","timestamp":1498645556000},"page":"1516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Experimental Demonstration of Long-Range Underwater Acoustic Communication Using a Vertical Sensor Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anbang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Underwater Acoustic Antagonizing, China State Shipbuilding Corporation Systems Engineering Research Institute, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caigao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuejie","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Urick, R.J. (1990). Principles of Underwater Sound, Harbin Shipbuilding Engineering Institute Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1121\/1.423233","article-title":"Phase conjugation in the ocean: experimental demonstration of an acoustic time-reversal mirror","volume":"103","author":"Kuperman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1121\/1.400496","article-title":"Phase conjugation in underwater acoustics","volume":"89","author":"Jackson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1121\/1.408482","article-title":"Acoustic pulse compression using passive phase-conjugate processing","volume":"95","author":"Dowling","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1397359","article-title":"Computed narrow-band azimuthal time-reversing array retrofocusing in shallow water","volume":"110","author":"Dungan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1508787","article-title":"Orientation effects on linear time-reversing array retrofocusing in shallow water","volume":"112","author":"Dungan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1338560","article-title":"Time-reversing array retrofocusing in noisy environments","volume":"109","author":"Khosla","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1432984","article-title":"Broadband time-reversing array retrofocusing in noisy environments","volume":"111","author":"Sabra","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2002.1040942","article-title":"An initial demonstration of underwater acoustic communication using time reversal","volume":"27","author":"Edelmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1570831","article-title":"Examination of time-reversal acoustics in shallow water and applications to noncoherent underwater communications","volume":"113","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2006.876139","article-title":"Improvement of time-reversal communications using adaptive channel equalizers","volume":"31","author":"Song","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2005.862137","article-title":"Underwater acoustic communications using time reversal","volume":"30","author":"Edelmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2003.811895","article-title":"Temporal resolutions of time-reversal and passive-phase conjugation for underwater acoustic communications","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1109\/48.972122","article-title":"Underwater acoustic communication by passive-phase conjugation: Theory and experimental results","volume":"26","author":"Rouseff","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2004.831618","article-title":"Multichannel equalization by decision-directed passive phase conjugation: experimental results","volume":"29","author":"Flynn","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2004.827122","article-title":"Differences between passive-phase conjugation and decision-feedback equalizer for underwater acoustic communications","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2338286","article-title":"Spatial diversity in passive time reversal communications","volume":"120","author":"Song","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4864299","article-title":"Diversity-based acoustic communication with a glider in deep water","volume":"135","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4919324","article-title":"Self-synchronization and spatial diversity of passive time reversal communication","volume":"137","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4818839","article-title":"Experimental demonstration of multiuser communication in deep water using time reversal","volume":"134","author":"Shimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2011.2166660","article-title":"Time reversal receivers for high data rate acoustic multiple-input-multiple-output communication","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4773267","article-title":"Multiuser acoustic communications with mobile users","volume":"133","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2015.2461712","article-title":"An overview of underwater time-reversal communication","volume":"41","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"561","article-title":"A study on pattern time delay coding underwater acoustic communication","volume":"24","author":"Hui","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Acust."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"499","article-title":"Underwater acoustic communication based on pattern time delay shift coding scheme","volume":"20","author":"Yin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1516\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:40:29Z","timestamp":1760208029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s17071516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17071516","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]]}}}