{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:13:27Z","timestamp":1760242407424,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is now a clinically accepted diagnostic modality in which miniaturized technology, an on-board power supply and wireless telemetry stand as technological foundations for other capsule endoscopy (CE) devices. However, VCE does not provide therapeutic functionality, and research towards therapeutic CE (TCE) has been limited. In this paper, a route towards viable TCE is proposed, based on multiple CE devices including important acoustic sensing and drug delivery components. In this approach, an initial multimodal diagnostic device with high-frequency quantitative microultrasound that complements video imaging allows surface and subsurface visualization and computer-assisted diagnosis. Using focused ultrasound (US) to mark sites of pathology with exogenous fluorescent agents permits follow-up with another device to provide therapy. This is based on an US-mediated targeted drug delivery system with fluorescence imaging guidance. An additional device may then be utilized for treatment verification and monitoring, exploiting the minimally invasive nature of CE. While such a theranostic patient pathway for gastrointestinal treatment is presently incomplete, the description in this paper of previous research and work under way to realize further components for the proposed pathway suggests it is feasible and provides a framework around which to structure further work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T10:27:31Z","timestamp":1499077651000},"page":"1553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Acoustic Sensing and Ultrasonic Drug Delivery in Multimodal Theranostic Capsule Endoscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fraser","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0266-1294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Lay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Rawhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Beeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK"}]},{"given":"Yangminghao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cumming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK"}]},{"given":"Inke","family":"N\u00e4thke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK"}]},{"given":"Sandy","family":"Cochran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.150","article-title":"The global burden of ibd: From 2015 to 2025","volume":"12","author":"Kaplan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107","article-title":"Global cancer statistics","volume":"61","author":"Jemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/35013140","article-title":"Wireless capsule endoscopy","volume":"405","author":"Iddan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.086371","article-title":"Gastrointestinal endoscopy: Past and future","volume":"55","author":"Sivak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.04.21","article-title":"Ultrasound capsule endoscopy: Sounding out the future","volume":"5","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Trans. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Cummins, G., Lay, H., Cox, B., Seetohul, V., Qiu, Y., Stewart, F., Faerber, J., Mitrakos, V., Al Rawhani, M., and Beeley, J. (2016, January 12\u201314). Sonopill: A platform for gastrointestinal disease diagnosis and therapeutics. Proceedings of the 6th Joint Workshop on New Technologies for Computer\/Robot Assisted Surgery, Pisa, Italy."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lay, H., Qiu, Y., Al-Rawhani, M., Beeley, J., Poltarjonoks, R., Seetohul, V., Cumming, D., Cochran, S., Cummins, G., and Desmulliez, M. (2016, January 18\u201321). Progress towards a multi-modal capsule endoscopy device featuring microultrasound imaging. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Tours, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2016.7728692"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18591","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18591","article-title":"Wireless fluorescence capsule for endoscopy using single photon-based detection","volume":"5","author":"Beeley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1238","article-title":"Sonocait: Proof-of-concept ultrasound-enabled therapeutic capsule endoscope","volume":"26","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Robot. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, F., Cox, B., Vorstius, J., Verbeni, A., Qiu, Y., and Cochran, S. (2015, January 21\u201324). Capsule-based ultrasound-mediated targeted gastrointestinal drug delivery. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2015.0189"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-006-9025-3","article-title":"Wireless capsule endoscopy: From diagnostic devices to multipurpose robotic systems","volume":"9","author":"Moglia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed. Microd."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12213-016-0087-x","article-title":"Frontiers of robotic endoscopic capsules: A review","volume":"11","author":"Ciuti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Micro-Bio Robot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i17.5119","article-title":"Wireless endoscopy in 2020: Will it still be a capsule?","volume":"21","author":"Koulaouzidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mc Caffrey, C., Chevalerias, O., O\u2019Mathuna, C., and Twomey, K. (2008). Swallowable-capsule technology. IEEE Pervasive Comput., 7.","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2008.17"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5269","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.5269","article-title":"Patency\u00a9 and agile\u00a9 capsules","volume":"14","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.06.026","article-title":"Wireless capsule endoscopy","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.88","article-title":"New vision in video capsule endoscopy: Current status and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Fisher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i24.3726","article-title":"Small-bowel capsule endoscopy: A ten-point contemporary","volume":"19","author":"Koulaouzidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/807165","article-title":"Ingestible wireless capsule technology: A review of development and future indication","volume":"2012","author":"Basar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1243\/09544062JMES1879","article-title":"Swallowable medical devices for diagnosis and surgery: The state of the art","volume":"224","author":"Toennies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2011.2171182","article-title":"Capsule endoscopy: From current achievements to open challenges","volume":"4","author":"Ciuti","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Jinshan Science & Technology (2017, May 15). OMOM Capsule Endoscopy System I, Product specifications. Available online: http:\/\/www.jinshangroup.com\/products_17.html."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B0820034","article-title":"Omom capsule endoscopy in diagnosis of small bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univers.-Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Medtronic (1970, January 01). A Complete Suite of Capsule Endoscopy Solutions within a Single Platform. Available online:http:\/\/www.medtronic.com\/covidien\/products\/capsule-endoscopy."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.10.71","article-title":"Review: Capsule colonoscopy\u2014A concise clinical overview of current status","volume":"4","author":"Yung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Trans. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2174\/1874764710801010024","article-title":"Recent patents on wireless capsule endoscopy","volume":"1","author":"Moglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2051947","article-title":"Design and fabrication of a magnetic propulsion system for self-propelled capsule endoscope","volume":"57","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2001.116327","article-title":"Electrical stimulation for propelling endoscopes","volume":"54","author":"Mosse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2004.842222","article-title":"Design and fabrication of a locomotive mechanism for capsule-type endoscopes using shape memory alloys (smas)","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2013336","article-title":"Magnetic maneuvering of endoscopic capsules by means of a robotic navigation system","volume":"56","author":"Carpi","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1163\/156856302766647161","article-title":"Spiral-type micro-machine for medical applications","volume":"2","author":"Ishiyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Micromechatron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2009.2014127","article-title":"A new mechanism for mesoscale legged locomotion in compliant tubular environments","volume":"25","author":"Valdastri","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quirini, M., Scapellato, S., Valdastri, P., Menciassi, A., and Dario, P. (2007, January 23\u201326). An approach to capsular endoscopy with active motion. Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2007 (EMBS 2007), Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4352917"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2010.2041244","article-title":"Design, fabrication, and testing of a capsule with hybrid locomotion for gastrointestinal tract exploration","volume":"15","author":"Simi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-008-9597-6","article-title":"An earthworm-like robotic endoscope system for human intestine: Design, analysis, and experiment","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Kim, B., Park, S., Jee, C.Y., and Yoon, S.-J. (2005, January 2\u20136). An earthworm-like locomotive mechanism for capsule endoscopes. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2005), Edmonton, AB, Canada."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdastri, P. (2012). Mesoscale mobile robots for gastrointestinal minimally invasive surgery (mis). Med. Robot. Minim. Invasive Surg., 224\u2013251.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857097392.224"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2003.10.020","article-title":"Capsule endoscopy: The localization system","volume":"14","author":"Fischer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9270(01)03073-8","article-title":"Localization of the given m2a\u00ae ingestible capsule in the given\u00ae diagnostic imaging system","volume":"96","author":"Jacob","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2228647","article-title":"Wireless capsule endoscope for targeted drug delivery: Mechanics and design considerations","volume":"60","author":"Woods","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Meng, M.Q.-H., and Hu, C. (September, January 30). A localization method using 3-axis magnetoresistive sensors for tracking of capsule endoscope. Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2006 (EMBS\u201906), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260711"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/10\/322","article-title":"A novel method for real-time magnetic marker monitoring in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"45","author":"Danan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Arshak, K., and Adepoju, F. (2006, January 7\u20139). Capsule tracking in the gi tract: A novel microcontroller based solution. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Kuth, R., Reinschke, J., and Rockelein, R. (2006). Method for Determining the Position and Orientation of an Endoscopy Capsule Guided through an Examination Object by Using a Navigating Magnetic Field Generated by Means of a Navigation Device. (20070038063), Patent US."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1461-5347(00)00311-4","article-title":"Development of a new engineering-based capsule for human drug absorption studies","volume":"3","author":"Wilding","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.69","article-title":"Capsule endoscopy: Progress update and challenges ahead","volume":"6","author":"Moglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3109\/03091902.2012.669447","article-title":"A wireless power transmission system for an active capsule endoscope for colon inspection","volume":"36","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0022","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-016-0022","article-title":"Prolonged energy harvesting for ingestible devices","volume":"1","author":"Nadeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2008.09.004","article-title":"The biological and clinical role of drug transporters at the intestinal barrier","volume":"35","author":"Oostendorp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2013.12.007","article-title":"A review of drug delivery systems for capsule endoscopy","volume":"71","author":"Munoz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.13","article-title":"Software for enhanced video capsule endoscopy: Challenges for essential progress","volume":"12","author":"Iakovidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4142","article-title":"The future of wireless capsule endoscopy","volume":"14","author":"Swain","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Zou, H., Shimizu, J., Iordanov, V., and Dijksman, F. (2010, January 10\u201314). Regional drug absorption study in canines with intelligent pill system. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting Controlled Release Society, Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.07.006","article-title":"Novel capsules for potential theranostics of obscure gastrointestinal bleedings","volume":"94","author":"Yavuz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.2002111","article-title":"A legged anchoring mechanism for capsule endoscopes using micropatterned adhesives","volume":"55","author":"Glass","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2011.2163861","article-title":"Design and rolling locomotion of a magnetically actuated soft capsule endoscope","volume":"28","author":"Yim","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2013.2266754","article-title":"3-D localization method for a magnetically actuated soft capsule endoscope and its applications","volume":"29","author":"Yim","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1260\/2040-2295.2.4.459","article-title":"Therapeutic capsule endoscopy: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Rasouli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1103424","article-title":"Wireless therapeutic endoscopic capsule: In vivo experiment","volume":"40","author":"Valdastri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Kong, K.-C., Cha, J., Jeon, D., and Cho, D.-I.D. (2005, January 2\u20136). A rotational micro biopsy device for the capsule endoscope. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2005), Edmonton, AB, Canada."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031004","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4007100","article-title":"A robotic biopsy device for capsule endoscopy","volume":"6","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025032","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/18\/2\/025032","article-title":"A novel microactuator for microbiopsy in capsular endoscopes","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00345-3","article-title":"Optical biopsy: A new frontier in endoscopic detection and diagnosis","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(02)70085-0","article-title":"Eus in submucosal tumors","volume":"56","author":"Chak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"309","article-title":"Olympus capsule endoscopy for small bowel examination","volume":"16","author":"Gheorghe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.002266","article-title":"Preclinical photoacoustic imaging endoscope based on acousto-optic coaxial system using ring transducer array","volume":"35","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"CORDIS (2017, May 15). Troy Report Summary. Available online: http:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/result\/rcn\/48767_en.html."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Memon, F., Touma, G., Wang, J., Baltsavias, S., Moini, A., Chang, C., Rasmussen, M.F., Nikoozadeh, A., Choe, J.W., and Olcott, E. (2016, January 18\u201321). Capsule ultrasound device: Further developments. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Tours, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2016.7728851"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., Traverso, G., Schoellhammer, C.M., Blankschtein, D., Langer, R., Thomenius, K.E., Boning, D.S., and Anthony, B.W. (2014, January 3\u20136). Towards wireless capsule endoscopic ultrasound (WCEU). Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2014.0181"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Arneson, M., Bandy, W., and Shanks, W. (2014). Ultrasound Scanning Capsule Endoscope (USCE). (8647259 B2), Patent US."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Iddan, G.J. (2008). Ultrasonic Capsule. (20110130658 A1), Patent US."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Taniguchi, Y. (2008). Intracoelomic mobile body, and capsule-type ultrasonic endoscope. (7452338 B2), Patent US."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Seetohul, V., Chen, R., Qian, M., Wang, C., Huang, Z., Zhou, Q., Zheng, H., Cochran, S., and Qiu, W. (2017). Development of a mechanical scanning device with high-frequency ultrasound transducer for ultrasonic capsule endoscopy. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2699973"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.016","article-title":"In vitro investigation of the individual contributions of ultrasound-induced stable and inertial cavitation in targeted drug delivery","volume":"41","author":"Gourevich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.05.038","article-title":"Ultrasound-mediated targeted drug delivery with a novel cyclodextrin-based drug carrier by mechanical and thermal mechanisms","volume":"170","author":"Gourevich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Controll. Release"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.03.003","article-title":"Liposomes in ultrasonic drug and gene delivery","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.009","article-title":"Physical stimuli-responsive polymeric micelles for anti-cancer drug delivery","volume":"32","author":"Rapoport","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.03.012","article-title":"Remote control over guidance and release properties of composite polyelectrolyte based capsules","volume":"63","author":"Antipina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Medtronic (2017, May 08). Pillcam Colon. Available online: ous.pillcamcolon.com."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"S103","article-title":"Development of small bowel tissue phantom for microultrasound investigation","volume":"10","author":"Anbarasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012003","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/797\/1\/012003","article-title":"Microultrasound characterisation of ex vivo porcine tissue for ultrasound capsule endoscopy","volume":"797","author":"Lay","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox, B., Stewart, F., Huang, Z., Nathke, I., and Cochran, S. (2016, January 18\u201321). Ultrasound facilitated marking of gastrointestinal tissue with fluorescent material. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Tours, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2016.7728782"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thanou, M. (2017). Theranostics in the gut. Theranostics and Image Guided Drug Delivery, Royal Society of Chemistry. in press.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781788010597"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, F., Cox, B., Wang, G., Huang, Z., Newton, I., Nathke, I., Thanou, M., and Cochran, S. (2016, January 18\u201321). An in vitro sonication system for applications in ultrasound-mediated targeted drug delivery. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Tours, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2016.7728701"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1586\/erd.12.6","article-title":"High-frequency ultrasonographic imaging of the gastrointestinal wall","volume":"9","author":"Nesje","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Dev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatehullah, A., Sharma, S., Newton, I., Langlands, A., Lay, H., Nelson, S., McMahon, R., McIlvenny, N., Appleton, P., and Cochran, S. (2016). Increased variability in apcmin\/+ intestinal tissue can be measured with microultrasound. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29570"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2011.2061","article-title":"Effects of cell spatial organization and size distribution on ultrasound backscattering","volume":"58","author":"Saha","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1501278","article-title":"Characterization of tissue microstructure using ultrasonic backscatter: Theory and technique for optimization using a gaussian form factor","volume":"112","author":"Oelze","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1098(1997)8:1<11::AID-IMA3>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Ultrasonic spectral-parameter imaging of the prostate","volume":"8","author":"Feleppa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Gregerson, H., Jensen, S.L., Moody, F., and Shokouh-Amiri, M. (1996). Essentials of Experimental Surgery: Gastroenterology, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salzer, R. (2012). Biomedical Imaging: Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118271933"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c4551","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4551","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of barrett\u2019s oesophagus","volume":"341","author":"Jankowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-5629(95)00049-6","article-title":"Ultrasonic propagation properties of excised human skin","volume":"21","author":"Moran","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/58.368319","article-title":"Ultrasound characterization of normal ocular tissue in the frequency range from 50 mhz to 100 mhz","volume":"42","author":"Ye","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aristiz\u00e1bal, O., Turnbull, D.H., Ketterling, J.A., and Mamou, J. (2010, January 11\u201314). In vivo 3d quantitative analysis of the mouse embryonic brain with a 38 mhz annular array and coded excitation. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2010.5935521"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"117","article-title":"Ultrasonic signal processing for in vivo attenuation measurement: Short time fourier analysis","volume":"5","author":"Fink","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azhari, H. (2010). Basics of Biomedical Ultrasound for Engineers, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470561478"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Qiu, Z. (2014). Development of Mri-Compatible Transducer Array for Focused Ultrasound Surgery: The Use of Relaxor-Based Piezocrystals, University of Dundee."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00756522","article-title":"The human intestinal epithelial cell line caco-2; pharmacological and pharmacokinetic applications","volume":"11","author":"Meunier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, F.a.D.A., and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) (2017, May 16). Guidance for industry. Waiver of in Vivo Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms Based on a Biopharmaceutics Classification System, Available online: http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Drugs\/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation\/Guidances\/UCM070246.pdf."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/2211068214561025","article-title":"Teer measurement techniques for in vitro barrier model systems","volume":"20","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lab. Autom."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-015-1351-1","article-title":"Transepithelial electrical resistance (teer): A functional parameter to monitor the quality of oviduct epithelial cells cultured on filter supports","volume":"144","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1553\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:41:20Z","timestamp":1760208080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1553"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s17071553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17071553","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]]}}}