{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T02:44:19Z","timestamp":1781664259885,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["61673259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61673259"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["61672338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61672338"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["61373028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61373028"]}]},{"name":"US National Science Foundation","award":["CCF-1337244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-1337244"]}]},{"name":"US National Science Foundation","award":["CCF-1527249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-1527249"]}]},{"name":"US National Science Foundation","award":["CCF-1717388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-1717388"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the high-energy efficiency and scalability, the clustering routing algorithm has been widely used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In order to gather information more efficiently, each sensor node transmits data to its Cluster Head (CH) to which it belongs, by multi-hop communication. However, the multi-hop communication in the cluster brings the problem of excessive energy consumption of the relay nodes which are closer to the CH. These nodes\u2019 energy will be consumed more quickly than the farther nodes, which brings the negative influence on load balance for the whole networks. Therefore, we propose an energy-efficient distributed clustering algorithm based on fuzzy approach with non-uniform distribution (EEDCF). During CHs\u2019 election, we take nodes\u2019 energies, nodes\u2019 degree and neighbor nodes\u2019 residual energies into consideration as the input parameters. In addition, we take advantage of Takagi, Sugeno and Kang (TSK) fuzzy model instead of traditional method as our inference system to guarantee the quantitative analysis more reasonable. In our scheme, each sensor node calculates the probability of being as CH with the help of fuzzy inference system in a distributed way. The experimental results indicate EEDCF algorithm is better than some current representative methods in aspects of data transmission, energy consumption and lifetime of networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T10:27:31Z","timestamp":1499077651000},"page":"1554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Fuzzy-Logic Based Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dezhi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huafeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rundong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11113","DOI":"10.3390\/s120811113","article-title":"A Survey on Clustering Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2614-9","article-title":"An Energy Aware Distributed Clustering Algorithm Using Fuzzy Logic for Wireless Sensor Networks with Non-uniform Node Distribution","volume":"84","author":"Nokhanji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perkins, C., Belding-Royer, E., and Das, S. (2003). Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing. IETF, 1\u201337.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3561"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2411-5","article-title":"Improving Routing Performance in AODV with Link Prediction in Mobile Adhoc Networks","volume":"83","author":"Yadav","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.3390\/s150202964","article-title":"A Data Fusion Method in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"15","author":"Izadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2354394","article-title":"Medical Data Compression and Transmission in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"15","author":"Dutta","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7350","DOI":"10.3390\/s120607350","article-title":"A Survey on the Taxonomy of Cluster-Based Routing Protocols for Homogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"12","author":"Naeimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2011.03.004","article-title":"A Historical Review of Evolutionary Learning Methods for Mamdani-type Fuzzy Rule-based Systems: Designing Interpretable Genetic Fuzzy Systems","volume":"52","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"237","article-title":"Handling Uncertainty in Controllers Using Type-2 Fuzzy Logic","volume":"14","author":"Sepulveda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Mamdani, E.H. (1997, January 28\u201330). Application of Fuzzy Logic to Approximate Reasoning Using Linguistic Synthesis. Proceedings of the 1997 27th International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic, Los Alamitos, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Askari, M., Li, J., and Samali, B. (2013, January 9\u201313). A Multi-objective Subtractive FCM Based TSK Fuzzy System with Input Selection, and Its Application to Dynamic Inverse Modelling of MR Dampers. Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, Zakopane, Poland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38658-9_20"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1985.6313399","article-title":"Fuzzy Identification of Systems and Its Applications to Modeling and Control","volume":"15","author":"Takagi","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W.R., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (2000, January 4\u20137). Energy-efficient Communication Protocols for Wireless Microsensor Networks. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences, Maui, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2004.41","article-title":"HEED: A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, Distributed Clustering Approach for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks","volume":"3","author":"Younis","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Zheng, Y., Cao, J., Chen, G., Chen, L., and Gong, H. (2007, January 24\u201328). An Energy-Aware Protocol for Data Gathering Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2007.598"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2227704","article-title":"Load-Balanced Clustering Algorithm with Distributed Self-Organization for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"13","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, D., Wang, Q., Lin, D., and Deng, Y. (2015). An Energy-efficient Clustering Routing Protocol Based on Evolutionary Game Theory in Wireless Sensor Networks. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/409503"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.M., Park, S.H., Han, Y.J., and Chung, T.M. (2008, January 17\u201320). CHEF: Cluster Head Election mechanism using Fuzzy logic in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), Gangwon-Do, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACT.2008.4493846"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2014.09.001","article-title":"A Distributed Fuzzy Logic-based Root Selection Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"41","author":"Alaybeyoglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-014-1924-7","article-title":"Low-Energy Adaptive Unequal Clustering Protocol Using Fuzzy c-Means in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"79","author":"Dutta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatti, D.M.S., Saeed, N., and Nam, H. (2016). Fuzzy C-Means Clustering and Energy Efficient Cluster Head Selection for Cooperative Sensor Network. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091459"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2016.2531630","article-title":"Cluster Based Multidimensional Scaling for Irregular Cognitive Radio Networks Localization","volume":"64","author":"Saeed","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.11.044","article-title":"DUCF: Distributed Load Balancing Unequal Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Fuzzy Approach","volume":"40","author":"Baranidharan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"3976","article-title":"Energy Balance Routing Algorithm Based on Energy Heterogeneous WSN","volume":"687","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanguankotchakorn, T., Maneepong, S., and Sugino, N. (2013, January 2\u20135). A relaxing multi-constraint routing algorithm by considering QoS metrics priority for wired network. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ubiquitous & Future Networks, Da Nang, Vietnam.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUFN.2013.6614918"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2012.12.029","article-title":"An Energy Aware Fuzzy Approach to Unequal Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"13","author":"Bagci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.04.004","article-title":"An Energy-aware Distributed Clustering Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Fuzzy Logic","volume":"10","author":"Taheri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, R., and Sharma, A.K. (2013, January 8\u201310). FSEP-E: Enhanced Stable Election Protocol Based on Fuzzy Logic for Cluster Head Selection in WSNs. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Contemporary Computing (IC3), Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/IC3.2013.6612233"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-1013-1","article-title":"Fuzzy Logic Based Unequal Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"22","author":"Logambigai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s40815-016-0181-1","article-title":"Enhanced Zone Stable Election Protocol based on Fuzzy Logic for Cluster Head Election in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"19","author":"Mary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20373","DOI":"10.3390\/s150820373","article-title":"Fuzzy Logic-Based Guaranteed Lifetime Protocol for Real-Time Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"15","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2011.05.002","article-title":"A cluster-based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks with nonuniform node distribution","volume":"66","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1554\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:41:20Z","timestamp":1760208080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s17071554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17071554","relation":{"is-referenced-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s42452-025-08186-5","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]]}}}