{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T16:57:29Z","timestamp":1778345849393,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,5]],"date-time":"2017-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are typically composed of thousands of sensors powered by limited energy resources. Clustering techniques were introduced to prolong network longevity offering the promise of green computing. However, most existing work fails to consider the network coverage when evaluating the lifetime of a network. We believe that balancing the energy consumption in per unit area rather than on each single sensor can provide better-balanced power usage throughout the network. Our former work\u2014Balanced Energy-Efficiency (BEE) and its Multihop version BEEM can not only extend the network longevity, but also maintain the network coverage. Following WSNs, Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been proposed with higher degree of diversities in terms of communication abilities and user scenarios, supporting a large range of real world applications. The IoT devices are embedded with multiple communication interfaces, normally referred as Multiple-In and Multiple-Out (MIMO) in 5G networks. The applications running on those devices can generate various types of data. Every interface has its own characteristics, which may be preferred and beneficial in some specific user scenarios. With MIMO becoming more available on the IoT devices, an advanced clustering solution for highly dynamic IoT systems is missing and also pressingly demanded in order to cater for differing user applications. In this paper, we present a smart clustering algorithm (Smart-BEEM) based on our former work BEE(M) to accomplish energy efficient and Quality of user Experience (QoE) supported communication in cluster based IoT networks. It is a user behaviour and context aware approach, aiming to facilitate IoT devices to choose beneficial communication interfaces and cluster headers for data transmission. Experimental results have proved that Smart-BEEM can further improve the performance of BEE and BEEM for coverage sensitive longevity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,5]],"date-time":"2017-07-05T11:26:04Z","timestamp":1499253964000},"page":"1574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["A Smart and Balanced Energy-Efficient Multihop Clustering Algorithm (Smart-BEEM) for MIMO IoT Systems in Future Networks \u2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3255-5396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"O\u2019Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland"},{"name":"CONSUS (Crop OptimisatioN through Sensing, Understanding &amp; viSualisation), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rem","family":"Collier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.814918","article-title":"Sensor networks: Evolution, opportunities, and challenges","volume":"91","author":"Chong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1286(01)00302-4","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"38","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2014.2320926","article-title":"Wireless energy harvesting in two-way network coded cooperative communications: A stochastic approach for large scale networks","volume":"18","author":"Mekikis","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekikis, P.V., Antonopoulos, A., Kartsakli, E., Alonso, L., and Verikoukis, C. (2016, January 4\u20138). Connectivity analysis in wireless-powered sensor networks with battery-less devices. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2016.7841682"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2004.1368897","article-title":"The design space of wireless sensor networks","volume":"11","author":"Romer","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raghavendra, C.S., Sivalingam, K.M., and Znati, T. (2004). Analysis of Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring. Wireless Sensor Networks, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/b117506"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Booch, G., Maksimchuk, R., Engle, M., Young, B., Conallen, J., and Houston, K. (2007). Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications, Addison Wesley Longman Publishing. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4728","DOI":"10.3390\/s90604728","article-title":"A Review of Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications in Agriculture and Food Industry: State of the Art and Current Trends","volume":"9","author":"Lunadei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/env.514","article-title":"Large scale wildlife monitoring studies: Statistical methods for design and analysis","volume":"13","author":"Pollock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2306328","article-title":"Internet of Things for Smart Cities","volume":"1","author":"Zanella","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Evans, D. (2017, July 04). The Internet of Everything: How More Relevant and Valuable Connections Will Change the World. Available online: https:\/\/newsroom.cisco.com\/video-content?type=webcontent&articleId=1111241."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2017.2669348","article-title":"Driving with Sharks: Rethinking Connected Vehicles with Vehicle Cyber Security","volume":"12","author":"Eiza","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161874","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/161874","article-title":"Smart HVAC control in IoT: Energy consumption minimization with user comfort constraints","volume":"2014","author":"Serra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L. (2017, January 16\u201318). Context Aware Traffic Identification Kit (TriCK) for Network Selection in Future HetNets\/5G Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC), Marrakech, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISNCC.2017.8072034"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2584538","article-title":"Fog and IoT: An Overview of Research Opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Chiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2569824","article-title":"Load Aware Self-Organising User-Centric Dynamic CoMP Clustering for 5G Networks","volume":"4","author":"Bassoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2514419","article-title":"Information exchange in randomly deployed dense WSNs with wireless energy harvesting capabilities","volume":"15","author":"Mekikis","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (2000, January 4\u20137). Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2004.41","article-title":"HEED: A hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks","volume":"3","author":"Younis","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Ding, P., Holliday, J., and Celik, A. (July, January 30). Distributed energy-efficient hierarchical clustering for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems, Marina del Rey, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2002.1036066","article-title":"Data Gathering Algorithms in Sensor Networks Using Energy Metrics","volume":"13","author":"Lindsey","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, S.M., Han, Y.J., and Chung, T.M. (2007, January 12\u201314). The Concentric Clustering Scheme for Efficient Energy Consumption in the PEGASIS. Proceedings of the the 9th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, Okamoto, Kobe, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACT.2007.358351"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85693-1_20","article-title":"S-Web: An Efficient and Self-organizing Wireless Sensor Network Model","volume":"Volume 5186","author":"Takizawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Network-Based Information Systems"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2007.05.024","article-title":"A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks","volume":"30","author":"Abbasi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11113","DOI":"10.3390\/s120811113","article-title":"A Survey on Clustering Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2014.09.005","article-title":"Clustering in sensor networks: A literature survey","volume":"46","author":"Afsar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5372","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2445796","article-title":"Atypical Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., O\u2019Grady, M., O\u2019Hare, G., and Collier, R. (2014, January 3\u20136). Reliable multihop intra-cluster communication for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2014.6785450"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2014.2338315","article-title":"Mobile data gathering with load balanced clustering and dual data uploading in wireless sensor networks","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2472970","article-title":"A Fuzzy Logic-Based Clustering Algorithm for WSN to Extend the Network Lifetime","volume":"16","author":"Nayak","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., O\u2019Hare, G., and Collier, R. (2014, January 20\u201322). A Balanced Energy-Efficient Multihop Clustering Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network. Proceedings of the 7th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), Vilamoura, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/WMNC.2014.6878886"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirisha, G., Babu, R.B., and Rao, K.R. (2016). Establishing path quality management in wireless sensor networks through cluster head determination. Indian J. Sci. Technol., 9.","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i5\/84916"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Theodore, S. (1996). Rappaport. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2002.804190","article-title":"An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks","volume":"1","author":"Heinzelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1574\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:41:31Z","timestamp":1760208091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s17071574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17071574","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,5]]}}}