{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:13:33Z","timestamp":1760242413936,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]],"date-time":"2017-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61471298","61531015","61401499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61471298","61531015","61401499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2016YFC1400200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1400200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phase-coherent underwater acoustic (UWA) communication systems typically employ multiple hydrophones in the receiver to achieve spatial diversity gain. However, small underwater platforms can only carry a single transducer which can not provide spatial diversity gain. In this paper, we propose single-carrier with frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) for phase-coherent synthetic aperture acoustic communications in which a virtual array is generated by the relative motion between the transmitter and the receiver. This paper presents synthetic aperture acoustic communication results using SC-FDE through data collected during a lake experiment in January 2016. The performance of two receiver algorithms is analyzed and compared, including the frequency domain equalizer (FDE) and the hybrid time frequency domain equalizer (HTFDE). The distances between the transmitter and the receiver in the experiment were about 5 km. The bit error rate (BER) and output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performances with different receiver elements and transmission numbers were presented. After combining multiple transmissions, error-free reception using a convolution code with a data rate of 8 kbps was demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]],"date-time":"2017-07-06T10:55:45Z","timestamp":1499338545000},"page":"1584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Single Carrier with Frequency Domain Equalization for Synthetic Aperture Underwater Acoustic Communications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chengbing","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianyou","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qunfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/48.820733","article-title":"The state of the art in underwater acoustic telemetry","volume":"25","author":"Kilfoyle","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/48.289455","article-title":"Phase-coherent digital communications for underwater acoustic channels","volume":"19","author":"Stojanovic","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2008.02.001","article-title":"Efficient processing of acoustic signals for high-rate information transmission over sparse underwater channels","volume":"1","author":"Stojanovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2008.920471","article-title":"Multicarrier communication over underwater acoustic channels with nonuniform Doppler shifts","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2009.08.010","article-title":"Frequency-domain channel estimation and equalization for shallow-water acoustic communications","volume":"3","author":"Zheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, C., Huang, J., Zhang, Q., and Shen, X. (2009, January 6\u20138). Single carrier frequency domain equalizer for underwater wireless Communication. Proceedings of the 2009 WRI International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing, Kunming, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CMC.2009.24"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, C.B., Huang, J.G., and Zhang, Q.F. (2012, January 5\u20136). Hybrid Time-Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-Carrier Underwater Acoustic Communications. Proceedings of the Conference on Under Water Networks WUWNet \u201912, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2398936.2398953"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2013.2257232","article-title":"Underwater Acoustic Communication in a Highly Refractive Environment Using SC-FDE","volume":"39","author":"Xia","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2005.862126","article-title":"Correlation-based decision-eeedback equalizer for underwater acoustic communications","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2011.2166660","article-title":"Time Reversal Receivers for High Data Rate Acoustic Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Communication","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/35.995852","article-title":"Frequency domain equalization for single-carrier broadband wireless systems","volume":"40","author":"Falconer","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2006). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems, IEEE. IEEE Standard 802.16 e-2005."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2008.926657","article-title":"Single-carrier frequency domain equalization","volume":"25","author":"Pancaldi","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T.C., and Heaney, K.D. (2012, January 5\u20136). Network-Assisted underwater acoustic communications. Proceedings of the Conference on Under Water Networks WUWNet \u201912, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2398936.2398982"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2011147","article-title":"Synthetic aperture time-reversal communications in shallow water: Experimental demonstration at sea","volume":"118","author":"Higley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3035830","article-title":"Feasibility of global-scale synthetic aperture communications","volume":"125","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3257184","article-title":"High-rate synthetic aperture communications in shallow water","volume":"126","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4864299","article-title":"Diversity-based acoustic communication with a glider in deep water","volume":"135","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3797","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3652855","article-title":"Multi-carrier synthetic aperture communication in shallow water: Experimental results","volume":"130","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3493096","article-title":"An Experiment On Passive Synthetic Aperture Time Reversal Communications in Shallow Water","volume":"1272","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1146.2013.00171","article-title":"Applications of All-phase FFT in Motion Compensation for Synthetic-aperture Underwater Acoustic Communication System","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/48.820736","article-title":"A computationally efficient Doppler compensation system for underwater acoustic communications","volume":"25","author":"Sharif","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4943552","article-title":"Shallow water acoustic response and platform motion modeling via a hierarchical Gaussian mixture model","volume":"139","author":"Gendron","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1109\/26.990897","article-title":"Sparse channel estimation via matching pursuit with application to equalization","volume":"50","author":"Cotter","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2007.906409","article-title":"Estimation of rapidly time-varying sparse channels","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5621984","article-title":"Application of compressive sensing to sparse channel estimation","volume":"48","author":"Berger","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Meng, Q., Huang, J., Han, J., He, C., and Ma, C. (2012, January 21\u201324). An improved direct adaptive multichannel turbo equalization scheme for underwater communications. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2012\u2014Yeosu, Yeosu, Korea."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2015.2469895","article-title":"Robust Equalization of Mobile Underwater Acoustic Channels","volume":"40","author":"Pelekanakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1584\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:41:42Z","timestamp":1760208102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s17071584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17071584","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]]}}}