{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:14:15Z","timestamp":1760242455726,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,15]],"date-time":"2017-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61462007","61572530"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61462007","61572530"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Different from the traditional wired network, the fundamental cause of transmission congestion in wireless ad hoc networks is medium contention. How to utilize the congestion state from the MAC (Media Access Control) layer to adjust the transmission rate is core work for transport protocol design. However, recent works have shown that the existing cross-layer congestion detection solutions are too complex to be deployed or not able to characterize the congestion accurately. We first propose a new congestion metric called frame transmission efficiency (i.e., the ratio of successful transmission delay to the frame service delay), which describes the medium contention in a fast and accurate manner. We further present the design and implementation of RECN (ECN and the ratio of successful transmission delay to the frame service delay in the MAC layer, namely, the frame transmission efficiency), a general supporting scheme that adjusts the transport sending rate through a standard ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) signaling method. Our method can be deployed on commodity switches with small firmware updates, while making no modification on end hosts. We integrate RECN transparently (i.e., without modification) with TCP on NS2 simulation. The experimental results show that RECN remarkably improves network goodput across multiple concurrent TCP flows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,18]],"date-time":"2017-07-18T03:45:16Z","timestamp":1500349516000},"page":"1637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Frame Transmission Efficiency-Based Cross-Layer Congestion Notification Scheme in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Huaguang","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"},{"name":"School of Computer and Electronic Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taoshen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Electronic Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology (Cultivating Base), Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luting","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Electronic Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology (Cultivating Base), Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Electronic Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology (Cultivating Base), Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"738","article-title":"Survey of TCP improvement over multi-hop wireless and wired hybrid networks","volume":"46","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. Res. Develop."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fu, Z., Zrefos, P., Luo, H., Lu, S., Zhang, L., and Gerla, M. (April, January 30). The impact of multihop wireless channel on TCP throughput and loss. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Dai, Z., and Zhu, H. (2014, January 3\u20136). Channel reservation based on contention and interference in wireless ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2014.6911824"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peva.2006.08.005","article-title":"A counterexample in congestion control of wireless networks","volume":"64","author":"Raghunathan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perform. Eval."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mezzavilla, M., Quer, G., and Zorzi, M. (2014, January 10\u201314). On the effects of cognitive mobility prediction in wireless multi-hop ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2014.6883557"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Yang, B., and Ma, Y. (2014, January 4\u20137). TCP congestion control based on accurate bandwidth-delay product in wireless Ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2014.6911825"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaushik, S.K., Chahal, K., Dhariwal, S., Kumar, A., and Raj, P. (2012, January 14\u201315). Analysis of TCP Performance over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with Varying Speed. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Computing Sciences, Phagwara, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCS.2012.16"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duong, L.M., Zitoune, L., and V\u00e9que, V. (2012, January 9\u201312). MAC-aware rate control for transport protocol in multihop wireless networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2012.6362573"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, J., Wang, J., Liu, Q., and Luo, Y. (2008, January 18\u201321). An Improved TCP with Cross-layer Congestion Notification over Wired\/Wireless Hybrid Networks. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference for Young Computer Scientists, Hunan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICYCS.2008.103"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"5","article-title":"Frame service delay analysis of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol and its application in congestion control","volume":"3","author":"Yue","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Xidian Univ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2012.138","article-title":"Design and Analysis of Adaptive Receiver Transmission Protocols for Receiver Blocking Problem in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4594","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2313272","article-title":"Performance Improvement of Topology-Transparent Broadcast Scheduling in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuan, N.M., Nakagawa, K., and Watabe, K. (2015, January 7\u201310). A Method at Link Layer to Improve the Fairness in Multi-hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the Sixth ACM International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1145\/2833258.2833277"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.360371","article-title":"Improving Transport Layer Performance in Multihop Ad Hoc Networks by Exploiting MAC Layer Information","volume":"6","author":"Zhai","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yahia, M. (2012, January 18\u201320). Enhanced congestion control for TCP fairness in ad hoc wireless networks. Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEA.2012.6360810"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2005.857994","article-title":"How well can the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN support quality of service?","volume":"4","author":"Zhai","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"IEEE Standard Association (2017, July 11). IEEE Standards Interpretation for IEEE Std 802.11\u2122 \u2014Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems\u2014Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Specific Requirements\u2014Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. Available online: http:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/findstds\/interps\/802.11-2007.html."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2012.2207402","article-title":"Experiences with a centralized scheduling approach for performance management of IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs","volume":"21","author":"Hegde","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1109\/49.840210","article-title":"Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function","volume":"18","author":"Bianchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1145\/205511.205512","article-title":"TCP and explicit congestion notification","volume":"24","author":"Floyd","year":"1994","journal-title":"ACM Sigcomm Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2002.997261","article-title":"A New Packet Marking Strategy for Explicit Congestion Notification in the Internet","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Conf. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Harhalakis, S., Samaras, N., and Vitsas, V. (October, January 30). An Experimental Study of the Efficiency of Explicit Congestion Notification. Proceedings of the 15th Panhellenic Conference on Informatics, Kastonia, Greece."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dappuri, B., and Venkatesh, T.G. (2014, January 24\u201326). IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC protocol for cognitive radio networks: Cooperative basic access Vs RTS\/CTS. Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, Incheon, South Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCIT.2014.7011867"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"VINT Project UC Berkeley\/LBNL (2017, July 11). NS2: Network Simulator, Available online: http:\/\/ee.lbl.gov\/ns\/#version2."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swenson, B.P., and Riley, G.F. (2014, January 7). Implementing explicit congestion notification in ns-3. Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on ns-3, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2630777.2630782"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joy, S., and Nayak, A. (2015, January 8\u201312). SDN based ECN adaptation scheme for improving data center long flow throughput. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communication Workshop, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2015.7247399"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Li, S., and Du, Z. (2016, January 27\u201330). Session-aware congestion control for TCP Incast in datacenter networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communication, Messina, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2016.7543904"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, R.F.E., and Carpenter, P.M. (2016, January 7\u201310). Controlling Network Latency in Mixed Hadoop Clusters: Do We Need Active Queue Management?. Proceedings of the IEEE 41st Conference on Local Computer Networks, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2016.70"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C., Nakagawa, Y., Hyoudou, K., Kobayashi, S., Shiraki, O., and Shimizu, T. (2015, January 1\u20135). Flow-Aware Congestion Control to Improve Throughput under TCP Incast in Datacenter Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 39th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference, Taichung, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2015.225"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1637\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:42:52Z","timestamp":1760208172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s17071637"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17071637","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,15]]}}}