{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:39:25Z","timestamp":1760488765085,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]],"date-time":"2017-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents a method for measuring the geometry of crane rails with terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Two sets of crane rails were divided into segments, their planes were adjusted, and the characteristic rail lines were defined. We used their profiles to define the positional and altitude deviations of the rails, the span and height difference between the two rails, and we also verified that they complied with the Eurocode 3 standard. We tested the method on crane rails at the hydroelectric power plant in Kr\u0161ko and the thermal power plant in Brestanica. We used two scanning techniques: \u201cpure\u201d TLS (Riegel VZ-400) and \u201chybrid\u201d TLS (Leica MS50) scanning. This article\u2019s original contribution lies in the detailed presentation of the computations used to define the characteristic lines of the rails without using the numeric procedures from existing software packages. We also analysed the influence of segment length and point density on the rail geometry results, and compared the two laser scanning techniques. We also compared the results obtained by terrestrial laser scanning with the results obtained from the classic polar method, which served as a reference point for its precision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]],"date-time":"2017-07-20T11:21:59Z","timestamp":1500549719000},"page":"1671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Control Measurements of Crane Rails Performed by Terrestrial Laser Scanning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Klemen","family":"Kregar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Mo\u017eina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BKR Ingenieurb\u00fcro GmbH, 69469 Weinheim, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7652-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toma\u017e","family":"Ambro\u017ei\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Du\u0161an","family":"Kogoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Ale\u0161","family":"Marjeti\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Ga\u0161per","family":"\u0160tebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Sav\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Vosselman, G., and Maas, H.G. (2010). Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Whittles Publishing. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Shan, J., and Toth, C.K. (2009). Topographic Laser Ranging and Scanning: Principles and Processing, Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Babenko, P. (2009). Visual Inspection of Railroad Tracks. [Ph.D. Thesis, College of Engineering and Computer Science]. Available online: http:\/\/etd.fcla.edu\/CF\/CFE0002895\/Babenko_Pavel_200912_PhD.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Benito, D.D. (2012). Automatic 3D Modelling of Train Rails in a LiDAR Point Cloud. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Twente]. Available online: https:\/\/www.itc.nl\/library\/papers_2012\/msc\/gfm\/diazbenito.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"223","article-title":"Rail Track Detection and Modelling in Mobile Laser Scanner Data","volume":"2","author":"Khoshelham","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inform. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-5-553-2014","article-title":"Extracting Rail Track Geometry from Static Terrestrial Laser Scans for Monitoring Purposes","volume":"5","author":"Soni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inform. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Soni, A., Robson, S., and Gleeson, B. (2015, January 17\u201321). Optical Non-Contact Railway Track Measurement with Static Terrestrial Laser Scanning to Better Than 1.5 mm RMS. Proceedings of the FIG Working Week 2015, From the Wisdom of the Ages to the Challenges of the Modern World, Sofia, Bulgaria."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kop\u00e1\u010dik, A., and Wunderlich, T.A. (2004, January 22\u201327). Usage of Laser Scanning Systems at Hydro-technical Structures. Proceedings of the FIG Working Week 2004, Athens, Greece. Available online: https:\/\/www.fig.net\/resources\/proceedings\/fig_proceedings\/athens\/papers\/ts23\/TS23_4_Kopacik_Wunderlich.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"107","article-title":"Suspended steel bridge monitoring using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Interdiscip. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ali, M.A., and Platko, P. (2016). Pedestrian bridge monitoring using terrestrial laser scanning. Advances and Trends in Engineering Sciences and Technologies, Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyrinovi\u010d, P., and Kop\u00e1\u010dik, A. (2010, January 25\u201327). Automated measurement system for crane rail geometry determination. Proceedings of the 27th ISARC, Bratislava, Slovakia.","DOI":"10.22260\/ISARC2010\/0032"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-017-0186-y","article-title":"Automation of point cloud processing to increase the deformation monitoring accuracy","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"K\u0155emen, T., Koska, B., Posp\u00ed\u0161il, J., Kyrinovi\u010d, P., Hali\u010dkov\u00e1, J., and Kop\u00e1\u010dik, A. (2008, January 12\u201315). Checking of Crane Rails by Terrestrial Laser Scanning Technology. Proceedings of the 13th FIG Symposium on Deformation Measurement and Analysis and 4th IAG Symposium on Geodesy for Geotechnical and Structural Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kostov, G.P. (2015, January 17\u201321). Application, Specifics and Technical Implementation of the 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Measurement and Analysis of the Spatial Geometry of a Steel Construction. Proceedings of the FIG Working Week 2015, From the Wisdom of the Ages to the Challenges of the Modern World, Sofia, Bulgaria."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.08.023","article-title":"Algorithm for Beam Deformation Modelling from LiDAR Data","volume":"76","author":"Cabaleiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2013.08.055","article-title":"Geometric Optimization of Trough Collectors Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning: Feasibility Analysis Using a New Statistical Assessment Method","volume":"47","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2017, July 17). 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Geo-Information, Technologies, Applications and the Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1667-4"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2","article-title":"Overview of the RANSAC Algorithm","volume":"4","author":"Derpanis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Image Rochester NY"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.15292\/geodetski-vestnik.2016.01.69-97","article-title":"The Reliability of the RANSAC Method when Estimating the Parameters of a Geometric Object","volume":"60","author":"Kregar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geodetski Vestnik"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440109462720","article-title":"On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to Systems of Points in Space","volume":"2","author":"Pearson","year":"1901","journal-title":"Lond. Edinb. Dublin Philos. Mag. J. Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1671\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:43:25Z","timestamp":1760208205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s17071671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17071671","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]]}}}