{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:30:25Z","timestamp":1761611425508,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), there are two major factors which degrade the performance of the network. One is the void hole which occurs in a particular region due to unavailability of forwarder nodes. The other is the presence of energy hole which occurs due to imbalanced data traffic load on intermediate nodes. Therefore, an optimum transmission strategy is required to maximize the network lifespan via hole alleviation. In this regard, we propose a heterogeneous network solution that is capable to balance energy dissipation among network nodes. In addition, the divide and conquer approach is exploited to evenly distribute number of transmissions over various network areas. An efficient forwarder node selection is performed to alleviate coverage and energy holes. Linear optimization is performed to validate the effectiveness of our proposed work in term of energy minimization. Furthermore, simulations are conducted to show that our claims are well grounded. Results show the superiority of our work as compared to the baseline scheme in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T10:45:48Z","timestamp":1500633948000},"page":"1677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Lifetime Maximization via Hole Alleviation in IoT Enabling Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zahid","family":"Wadud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3777-8249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadeem","family":"Javaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Alrajeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology, Department College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11633, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Alabed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology, Department College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11633, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadra","family":"Guizani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2014.2298837","article-title":"Intelligent device-to-device communication in the internet of things","volume":"10","author":"Bello","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600193WC","article-title":"Topology Control for Building a Large-Scale and Energy-Efficient Internet of Things","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-016-3577-1","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Swarm Intelligence Approach","volume":"92","author":"Mann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evolving Constraints in Military Applications Using Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"5","author":"Prabhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2016.12.011","article-title":"Energy-efficient routing protocols for solving energy hole problem in wireless sensor networks","volume":"114","author":"Mohemed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurya, S., Gupta, V., and Jain, V.K. (2017, January 19\u201322). LBRR: Load Balanced Ring Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Sensor Networks with Sink Mobility. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2017.7925728"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2818542","article-title":"A Comprehensive Survey on Hierarchical-Based Routing Protocols for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks: Review, Taxonomy, and Future Directions","volume":"2017","author":"Sabor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Location-Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1824766.1824775","article-title":"Analyzing mac protocols for low data-rate applications","volume":"7","author":"Langendoen","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2014.2366776","article-title":"Ring routing: An energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks with a mobile sink","volume":"14","author":"Tunca","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6134","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2676004","article-title":"A balanced energy consuming and hole alleviating algorithm for wireless sensor networks","volume":"5","author":"Jan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2015.2411231","article-title":"Lifetime and energy hole evolution analysis in data-gathering wireless sensor networks","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Khan, M.A., Javaid, N., Wadud, Z., Gull, S., Imran, M., and Nasr, K. (2017, January 26\u201330). Towards Energy Balancing in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Valencia, Spain."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2014.2359651","article-title":"HORA: A distributed coverage hole repair algorithm for wireless sensor networks","volume":"14","author":"Sahoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2013.04.009","article-title":"Load balancing techniques for lifetime maximizing in wireless sensor networks","volume":"11","author":"Kacimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.A., Sher, A., Hameed, A.R., Jan, N., Abassi, J.S., and Javaid, N. (2016, January 5\u20137). Network lifetime maximization via energy hole alleviation in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, Asan, Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49106-6_26"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2013.09.010","article-title":"Optimal number of annuli for maximizing the lifetime of sensor networks","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasheed, M.B., Javaid, N., Khan, Z.A., Qasim, U., and Ishfaq, M. (2013, January 5\u20138). E-HORM: An energy-efficient hole removing mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 26th Annual IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), Regina, SK, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCECE.2013.6567754"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"724","article-title":"Improved Hole Detection Healing and Replacing Algorithm for Optimal Coverage in Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"2","author":"Jewel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Sci. Eng. Tech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekal, H.H., Abdullah, J., Jamil, A., Audah, L., and Alias, R. (2016, January 13\u201315). Energy balance mechanism for improving the lifetime in dense centric Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 7th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMCON.2016.7746088"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, T., Liu, G., and Chang, S. (2016). Energy-efficient data sensing and routing in unreliable energy-harvesting wireless sensor network. Wirel. Netw., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-016-1360-6"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2016.10.013","article-title":"An adaptive energy balanced and energy efficient approach for data gathering in wireless sensor networks","volume":"54","author":"Kulshrestha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2016.08.006","article-title":"Energy balanced position-based routing for lifetime maximization of wireless sensor networks","volume":"52","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcss.2011.10.017","article-title":"Energy Efficient Ant Colony alogorithm for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks","volume":"78","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2372340","article-title":"An optimal-distance-based transmission strategy for lifetime maximization of wireless sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-6423(14)70097-5","article-title":"An energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks using A-star algorithm","volume":"12","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2012.11.006","article-title":"Lifetime Maximizing Dynamic Energy Efficient routing protocol for multihop wireless sensor networks","volume":"32","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pract. Theory"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naranjo, P.G.V., Shojafar, M., Abraham, A., and Baccarelli, E. (2016, January 9\u201312). A new stable election-based routing algorithm to preserve aliveness and energy in fog-supported wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2016.7844600"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-016-1785-9","article-title":"P-SEP: A prolong stable election routing algorithm for energy-limited heterogeneous fog-supported wireless sensor networks","volume":"73","author":"Naranjo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Xian, F., Zhen, G.-C., and Hu, W. (2010, January 27\u201328). Energy-efficient data collection protocol for wireless sensor network based on tree. Proceedings of the 2010 Asia-Pacific Conference on Wearable Computing Systems (APWCS), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/APWCS.2010.28"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1677\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:43:29Z","timestamp":1760208209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/7\/1677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s17071677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17071677","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]]}}}