{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T20:58:58Z","timestamp":1773089938692,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,24]],"date-time":"2017-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has been an active topic for more than two decades. A variety of algorithms were proposed to improve the localization accuracy. However, they are either limited to two-dimensional (2D) space, or require specific sensor deployment for proper operations. In this paper, we proposed a three-dimensional (3D) localization scheme for WSNs based on the well-known parametric Loop division (PLD) algorithm. The proposed scheme localizes a sensor node in a region bounded by a network of anchor nodes. By iteratively shrinking that region towards its center point, the proposed scheme provides better localization accuracy as compared to existing schemes. Furthermore, it is cost-effective and independent of environmental irregularity. We provide an analytical framework for the proposed scheme and find its lower bound accuracy. Simulation results shows that the proposed algorithm provides an average localization accuracy of 0.89 m with a standard deviation of 1.2 m.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,24]],"date-time":"2017-07-24T10:04:13Z","timestamp":1500890653000},"page":"1697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Parametric Loop Division for 3D Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0594-652X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanveer","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2241-0767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9511-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boon-Chong","family":"Seet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.3390\/s150101804","article-title":"A Fast and Precise Indoor Localization Algorithm based on an Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine","volume":"15","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5171","DOI":"10.3390\/s100505171","article-title":"Location Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Spring-Relaxation Technique","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2012.05.002","article-title":"An interactive cluster-based MDS localization scheme for multimedia information in wireless sensor networks","volume":"35","author":"Shon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. 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