{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:14:52Z","timestamp":1760242492157,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]],"date-time":"2017-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National key Research Program of China \u201cCollaborative Precision Positioning Project\u201d","award":["2016YFB0501900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0501900"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41574032","41574015","41621091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41574032","41574015","41621091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Key Program of the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["91638203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91638203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>China is a country of vast territory with complicated geographical environment and climate conditions. With the rapid progress of the Chinese BeiDou satellite navigation system (BDS); more accurate tropospheric models must be applied to improve the accuracy of navigation and positioning. Based on the formula of the Saastamoinen and Callahan models; this study develops two single-site tropospheric models (named SAAS_S and CH_S models) for the Chinese region using radiosonde data from 2005 to 2012. We assess the two single-site tropospheric models with radiosonde data for 2013 and zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) data from four International GNSS Service (IGS) stations and compare them to the results of the Saastamoinen and Callahan models. The experimental results show that: the mean accuracy of the SAAS_S model (bias: 0.19 cm; RMS: 3.19 cm) at all radiosonde stations is superior to those of the Saastamoinen (bias: 0.62 cm; RMS: 3.62 cm) and CH_S (bias: \u22120.05 cm; RMS: 3.38 cm) models. In most Chinese regions; the RMS values of the SAAS_S and CH_S models are about 0.51~2.12 cm smaller than those of their corresponding source models. The SAAS_S model exhibits a clear improvement in the accuracy over the Saastamoinen model in low latitude regions. When the SAAS_S model is replaced by the SAAS model in the positioning of GNSS; the mean accuracy of vertical direction in the China region can be improved by 1.12~1.55 cm and the accuracy of vertical direction in low latitude areas can be improved by 1.33~7.63 cm. The residuals of the SAAS_S model are closer to a normal distribution compared to those of the Saastamoinen model. Single-site tropospheric models based on the short period of the most recent data (for example 2 years) can also achieve a satisfactory accuracy. The average performance of the SAAS_S model (bias: 0.83 cm; RMS: 3.24 cm) at four IGS stations is superior to that of the Saastamoinen (bias: \u22120.86 cm; RMS: 3.59 cm) and CH_S (bias: 0.45 cm; RMS: 3.38 cm) models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]],"date-time":"2017-07-27T11:28:40Z","timestamp":1501154920000},"page":"1722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Establishment of a Site-Specific Tropospheric Model Based on Ground Meteorological Parameters over the China Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9296-949X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chongchong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 340 Xudong Road, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibo","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 340 Xudong Road, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 340 Xudong Road, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiming","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 340 Xudong Road, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jikun","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 340 Xudong Road, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runjing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen Institute of Technology, No. 600 Ligong Road, Jimei District, Xiamen 361024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinglong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 340 Xudong Road, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Huang, L. (2014). Research on the Models and Methods of Zenith Tropospheric Delay Correction Using Ground-Based GNSS, Guilin University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/1345_2015_144","article-title":"Computation of zenith total delay correction fields using ground-based GNSS","volume":"142","author":"Pace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Assoc. Geod. Symp."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"454","article-title":"New model for tropopheric delay estimation of GPS signal","volume":"32","author":"Yin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bean, B., and Dutton, E. (1968). Radio Meteorology, Dover Publications."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1029\/RS006i003p00357","article-title":"Tropospheric effect on electromagnetically measured range: Prediction from surface weather data","volume":"6","author":"Hopfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02522047","article-title":"Introduction to practical computation of astronomical refraction","volume":"46","author":"Saastamoinen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. G\u00e9od\u00e9sique"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1029\/JB083iB04p01825","article-title":"An easily implemented algorithm for the tropospheric range correction","volume":"83","author":"Black","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Berman, A. (1976). The Prediction of Zenith Range Refraction from Surface Measurements of Meteorological Parameters, California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Callahan, P. (1973). Prediction of Tropospheric Wet-Component Range Error from Surface Measurements, California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ifadis, L. (1986). The Atmosphere Delay of Radio Waves: Modeling the Elevation Dependence on a Global Scale, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology. Technical Report No. 38L."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minzner, R. (1966). Standard Atmosphere Supplements, 1966.","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0659160"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"67","article-title":"Assessment of UNB3m neutral atmosphere model and EGNOS model for near-equatorial-tropospheric delay correction","volume":"5","author":"Farah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463300001107","article-title":"Assessment of EGNOS tropospheric correction model","volume":"54","author":"Penna","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Leandro, R., Santos, M., and Langley, R. (2017, July 26). UNB Neutral Atmosphere Models: Development and Performance. Available online: http:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/academia.edu.documents\/33980498\/ionntm2006.leandro.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1501059859&Signature=qnUO5FTHv86JUuklmYJIXfOUNmY%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DUNB_Neutral_Atmosphere_Models_Developmen.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-012-5010-9","article-title":"A new global zenith tropospheric delay model IGGtrop for GNSS applications","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2218","article-title":"A new global zenith tropospheric delay model GZTD","volume":"56","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys. Chin. Ed."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"3140","article-title":"Establishment of a new global model for zenith tropospheric delay based on functional expression for its vertical profile","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025546","article-title":"Global mapping function (GMF): A new empirical mapping function based on numerical weather model data","volume":"33","author":"Boehm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0403-7","article-title":"Development of an improved empirical model for slant delays in the troposphere (GPT2w)","volume":"19","author":"Boehm","year":"2014","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Xie, S., Liu, L., Li, J., Chen, J., and Kang, C. (2017). SSIEGNOS: A New Asian Single Site Tropospheric Correction Model. ISPRS Int. J. Geo. Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6010020"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Yuan, Y., Li, W., Li, Y., and Chai, Y. (2016). Assessment of three tropospheric delay models (IGGtrop, EGNOS and UNB3m) based on precise point positioning in the Chinese region. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010122"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2456099","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the performance of multiple tropospheric models in China region","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1953.274297","article-title":"The constants in the equation for atmospheric refractive index at radio frequencies","volume":"41","author":"Smith","year":"1953","journal-title":"Proc. IRE"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1029\/RS022i003p00379","article-title":"Estimation of tropospheric delay for microwaves from surface weather data","volume":"22","author":"Askne","year":"1987","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"247","article-title":"Atmospheric correction for the troposphere and stratosphere in radio ranging satellites","volume":"15","author":"Saastamoinen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Use Artif. Satell. Geod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1029\/RS020i006p01593","article-title":"Geodesy by radio interferometry: Effects of atmospheric modeling errors on estimates of baseline length","volume":"20","author":"Davis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1029\/RS023i006p01023","article-title":"A model for the tropospheric excess path length of radio waves from surface meteorological measurements","volume":"23","author":"Baby","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"World Meteorological Organization (2008). Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, World Meteorological Organisation."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018<0830:COMOAW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Comparison of measurements of atmospheric wet delay by radiosonde, water vapor radiometer, GPS, and VLBI","volume":"18","author":"Niell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-008-0288-8","article-title":"A new type of troposphere zenith path delay product of the international GNSS service","volume":"83","author":"Byun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03860","article-title":"Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large network","volume":"102","author":"Zumberge","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"106","article-title":"Annual Period Changes of Zenith Tropospheric Delay of CORS Stations in Tianjin District","volume":"2","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geod. Geodyn."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1722\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:44:13Z","timestamp":1760208253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s17081722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17081722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]]}}}