{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T01:13:28Z","timestamp":1776215608180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,29]],"date-time":"2017-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solar collector technologies operate with better performance when the Sun beam direction is normal to the capturing surface, and for that to happen despite the relative movement of the Sun, solar tracking systems are used, therefore, there are rules and standards that need minimum accuracy for these tracking systems to be used in solar collectors\u2019 evaluation. Obtaining accuracy is not an easy job, hence in this document the design, construction and characterization of a sensor based on a visual system that finds the relative azimuth error and height of the solar surface of interest, is presented. With these characteristics, the sensor can be used as a reference in control systems and their evaluation. The proposed sensor is based on a microcontroller with a real-time clock, inertial measurement sensors, geolocation and a vision sensor, that obtains the angle of incidence from the sunrays\u2019 direction as well as the tilt and sensor position. The sensor\u2019s characterization proved how a measurement of a focus error or a Sun position can be made, with an accuracy of 0.0426\u00b0 and an uncertainty of 0.986%, which can be modified to reach an accuracy under 0.01\u00b0. The validation of this sensor was determined showing the focus error on one of the best commercial solar tracking systems, a Kipp &amp; Zonen SOLYS 2. To conclude, the solar tracking sensor based on a vision system meets the Sun detection requirements and components that meet the accuracy conditions to be used in solar tracking systems and their evaluation or, as a tracking and orientation tool, on photovoltaic installations and solar collectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T03:30:06Z","timestamp":1501558206000},"page":"1742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Solar Position Sensor Based on Image Vision"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Ruelas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Blvd. Benito Ju\u00e1rez S\/N, Mexicali 21280, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Calle de la Normal S\/N, Mexicali 21280, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Villa-Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Calle de la Normal S\/N, Mexicali 21280, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9687-8891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Blvd. Benito Ju\u00e1rez S\/N, Mexicali 21280, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Blvd. Benito Ju\u00e1rez S\/N, Mexicali 21280, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Suastegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Blvd. Benito Ju\u00e1rez S\/N, Mexicali 21280, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.3390\/s90503875","article-title":"Sun Tracking Systems: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2009.01.022","article-title":"A review of principle and sun-tracking methods for maximizing solar systems output","volume":"13","author":"Mousazadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew. 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