{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T06:07:17Z","timestamp":1771567637418,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,31]],"date-time":"2017-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuously operating Global Navigation Satellite Systems (cGNSS) can be used to convert relative values of vertical land motion (VLM) derived from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to absolute values in a global or regional reference frame. Artificial trihedral corner reflectors (CRs) provide high-intensity and temporally stable reflections in SAR time series imagery, more so than naturally occurring permanent scatterers. Therefore, it is logical to co-locate CRs with cGNSS as ground-based geodetic infrastructure for the integrated monitoring of VLM. We describe the practical considerations for such co-locations using four case-study examples from Perth, Australia. After basic initial considerations such as land access, sky visibility and security, temporary test deployments of co-located CRs with cGNSS should be analysed together to determine site suitability. Signal to clutter ratios from SAR imagery are used to determine potential sites for placement of the CR. A significant concern is whether the co-location of a deliberately designed reflecting object generates unwanted multipath (reflected signals) in the cGNSS data. To mitigate against this, we located CRs &gt;30 m from the cGNSS with no inter-visibility. Daily RMS values of the zero-difference ionosphere-free carrier-phase residuals, and ellipsoidal heights from static precise point positioning GNSS processing at each co-located site were then used to ascertain that the CR did not generate unwanted cGNSS multipath. These steps form a set of recommendations for the installation of such geodetic ground-infrastructure, which may be of use to others wishing to establish integrated InSAR-cGNSS monitoring of VLM elsewhere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T03:30:06Z","timestamp":1501558206000},"page":"1753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Practical Considerations before Installing Ground-Based Geodetic Infrastructure for Integrated InSAR and cGNSS Monitoring of Vertical Land Motion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4342-9301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Parker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spatial Sciences and the Institute for Geoscience Research, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Will E.","family":"Featherstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spatial Sciences and the Institute for Geoscience Research, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel T.","family":"Penna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6719-1978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mick S.","family":"Filmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spatial Sciences and the Institute for Geoscience Research, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5227-2513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Garthwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geodesy Section, Community Safety and Earth Monitoring Division, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-008-0269-y","article-title":"IGS tide gauge benchmark monitoring pilot project (TIGA): Scientific benefits","volume":"83","author":"Thaller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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