{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T17:02:29Z","timestamp":1783184549636,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]],"date-time":"2017-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used in agriculture to provide farmers with a large amount of information. Precision agriculture (PA) is a management strategy that employs information technology to improve quality and production. Utilizing wireless sensor technologies and management tools can lead to a highly effective, green agriculture. Based on PA management, the same routine to a crop regardless of site environments can be avoided. From several perspectives, field management can improve PA, including the provision of adequate nutrients for crops and the wastage of pesticides for the effective control of weeds, pests, and diseases. This review outlines the recent applications of WSNs in agriculture research as well as classifies and compares various wireless communication protocols, the taxonomy of energy-efficient and energy harvesting techniques for WSNs that can be used in agricultural monitoring systems, and comparison between early research works on agriculture-based WSNs. The challenges and limitations of WSNs in the agricultural domain are explored, and several power reduction and agricultural management techniques for long-term monitoring are highlighted. These approaches may also increase the number of opportunities for processing Internet of Things (IoT) data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]],"date-time":"2017-08-03T09:47:19Z","timestamp":1501753639000},"page":"1781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":602,"title":["Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Haider","family":"Jawad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Computer Communication Engineering, Al-Rafidain University College, Filastin 10064, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9254-2023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosdiadee","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadik","family":"Gharghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University (MTU), Al Doura 10022, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aqeel","family":"Jawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Computer Communication Engineering, Al-Rafidain University College, Filastin 10064, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamod","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2011.02.004","article-title":"A novel methodology for the monitoring of the agricultural production process based on wireless sensor networks","volume":"76","author":"Mateos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-013-9965-9","article-title":"A framework for using unmanned aerial vehicles for data collection in linear wireless sensor networks","volume":"74","author":"Jawhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot.Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2011.05.004","article-title":"On the design of beacon based wireless sensor network for agricultural emergency monitoring systems","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6088","DOI":"10.3390\/s110606088","article-title":"An air-ground wireless sensor network for crop monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Valente","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2015.08.011","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks for agriculture: The state-of-the-art in practice and future challenges","volume":"118","author":"Ojha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolavennu, S. (2016). Energy harvesting and battery technologies for powering wireless sensor networks. Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-230-3.00008-8"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Seah, W. (2010). Review of energy harvesting technologies for sustainable wireless sensor network. Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks, InTech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilie-Ablachim, D., P\u0103tru, G.C., Florea, I.-M., and Rosner, D. (2016, January 7\u20139). Monitoring Device for Culture Substrate Growth Parameters for Precision Agriculture: Acronym: Monisen. Proceedings of the 15th RoEduNet Conference: Networking in Education and Research, Bucharest, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/RoEduNet.2016.7753237"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7263370","article-title":"Understanding the IoT connectivity landscape: A contemporary M2M radio technology roadmap","volume":"53","author":"Andreev","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratasuk, R., Vejlgaard, B., Mangalvedhe, N., and Ghosh, A. (2016, January 3\u20136). Nb-IoT system for M2M communication. Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Doha, Qatar.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2016.7564708"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2016.2609914","article-title":"Random access preamble design and detection for 3GPP narrowband IoT systems","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2014.10.020","article-title":"Automatic irrigation system based on dual crop coefficient, soil and plant water status for Vitis vinifera (cv Godello and cv Menc\u00eda)","volume":"151","author":"Cancela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Rani, M.U., and Kamalesh, S. (2014, January 8\u201310). Energy efficient fault tolerant topology scheme for precision agriculture using wireless sensor network. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT), Ramanathapuram, India."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.03.023","article-title":"Investigating signal propagation and strength distribution characteristics of wireless sensor networks in date palm orchards","volume":"124","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.07.011","article-title":"New empirical path loss model for wireless sensor networks in mango greenhouses","volume":"127","author":"Raheemah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2010.08.014","article-title":"Zigbee-based wireless sensor network localization for cattle monitoring in grazing fields","volume":"74","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2015.12.006","article-title":"Smart greenhouse fuzzy logic based control system enhanced with wireless data monitoring","volume":"61","author":"Azaza","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2011.12.008","article-title":"Monitoring and classifying animal behavior using zigbee-based mobile ad hoc wireless sensor networks and artificial neural networks","volume":"82","author":"Nadimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"295","article-title":"Smart prolong fuzzy wireless sensor-actor network for agricultural application","volume":"28","author":"Sabri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.04.008","article-title":"b+ WSN: Smart beehive with preliminary decision tree analysis for agriculture and honey bee health monitoring","volume":"124","author":"Magno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.06.001","article-title":"Optimized algorithm of sensor node deployment for intelligent agricultural monitoring","volume":"127","author":"Sai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.07.026","article-title":"Experimental characterisation of the off-body wireless channel at 2.4 GHz for dairy cows in barns and pastures","volume":"127","author":"Benaissa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2014.11.005","article-title":"Performance indicators to assess the implementation of automation in water user associations: A case study in southeast spain","volume":"151","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.04.036","article-title":"Environmental parameters monitoring in precision agriculture using wireless sensor networks","volume":"88","author":"Srbinovska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aiello, G., Giovino, I., Vallone, M., Catania, P., and Argento, A. (2017). A decision support system based on multisensor data fusion for sustainable greenhouse management. J. Clean. Prod., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.02.197"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wireless data management system for environmental monitoring in livestock buildings","volume":"4","author":"Gray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Agric."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2008.917198","article-title":"Remote sensing and control of an irrigation system using a distributed wireless sensor network","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2009.01.007","article-title":"Software design for wireless sensor-based site-specific irrigation","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"97","article-title":"Design of greenhouse environment monitoring and controlling system based on bluetooth technology","volume":"10","author":"Gang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2016.10.070","article-title":"Application of integrated control strategy and bluetooth for irrigating romaine lettuce in greenhouse","volume":"49","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew, D.B., Alexander, W.L., Aaron, A., James, V.K., and Dennis, R.B. (2013, January 21\u201324). Investigation of bluetooth communications for low-power embedded sensor networks in agriculture. Proceedings of the ASABE Annual International Meeting, Kansas City, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.13031\/aim.20131620559"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2016.10.048","article-title":"Smartphone-based visual measurement and portable instrumentation for crop seed phenotyping","volume":"49","author":"Zhihong","year":"2016","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.02.024","article-title":"A smartphone-based soil color sensor: For soil type classification","volume":"123","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2014.12.021","article-title":"A smartphone app to extend use of a cloud-based irrigation scheduling tool","volume":"111","author":"Bartlett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.06.021","article-title":"Development and assessment of a smartphone application for irrigation scheduling in cotton","volume":"127","author":"Vellidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eaef.2015.04.007","article-title":"The potential of remote monitoring and control of protected crop production environment using mobile phone under 3G and Wi-Fi communication conditions","volume":"8","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Agric. Environ. Food"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.02.094","article-title":"Neural network pattern classification and weather dependent fuzzy logic model for irrigation control in WSN based precision agriculture","volume":"78","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay, S.C., and Jiang, J.-A. (2013). A Wi-Fi based smart wireless sensor network for an agricultural environment. Wireless Sensor Networks and Ecological Monitoring, Springer."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2011.07.009","article-title":"Energy efficient data transmission in automatic irrigation system using wireless sensor networks","volume":"78","author":"Valarmathi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2013.2276487","article-title":"Automated irrigation system using a wireless sensor network and gprs module","volume":"63","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Chen, L., Guo, J., Meng, Z., and Xu, G. (2010, January 15\u201317). An energy-efficient wireless sensor network used for farmland soil moisture monitoring. Proceedings of the IET Conference on Wireless Sensor Network, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2014.10.022","article-title":"A wireless sensors architecture for efficient irrigation water management","volume":"151","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pit\u00ec, A., Verticale, G., Rottondi, C., Capone, A., and Lo Schiavo, L. (2017). The role of smart meters in enabling real-time energy services for households: The Italian case. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10020199"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil-Lebrero, S., Quiles-Latorre, F.J., Ortiz-L\u00f3pez, M., S\u00e1nchez-Ruiz, V., G\u00e1miz-L\u00f3pez, V., and Luna-Rodr\u00edguez, J.J. (2016). Honey bee colonies remote monitoring system. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010055"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2017, May 07). Libelium Company. Available online: http:\/\/www.Libelium.Com\/resources\/case-studies\/."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llaria, A., Terrasson, G., Arregui, H., and Hacala, A. (2015, January 17\u201319). Geolocation and Monitoring Platform for Extensive Farming in Mountain Pastures. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Seville, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2015.7125454"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terrasson, G., Llaria, A., Marra, A., and Voaden, S. (2016). Accelerometer based solution for precision livestock farming: Geolocation enhancement and animal activity identification. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/138\/1\/012004"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.03.027","article-title":"Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: A top-down survey","volume":"67","author":"Rault","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7652","DOI":"10.3390\/s130607652","article-title":"Crossvit: Enhancing canopy monitoring management practices in viticulture","volume":"13","author":"Matese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23650","DOI":"10.3390\/s141223650","article-title":"Analysis of radio wave propagation for ISM 2.4 GHz wireless sensor networks in inhomogeneous vegetation environments","volume":"14","author":"Azpilicueta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, G., and Pitarma, R. (2016). An indoor monitoring system for ambient assisted living based on internet of things architecture. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13111152"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4072","DOI":"10.3390\/s150204072","article-title":"Development and integration of a solar powered unmanned aerial vehicle and a wireless sensor network to monitor greenhouse gases","volume":"15","author":"Malaver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.3390\/s110101192","article-title":"Developing a new wireless sensor network platform and its application in precision agriculture","volume":"11","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adelantado, F., Vilajosana, X., Tuset-Peiro, P., Martinez, B., and Melia, J. (arXiv preprint, 2016). Understanding the limits of LoRaWAN, arXiv preprint.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600613"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirichek, R., and Kulik, V. (2016, January 21\u201325). Long-Range Data Transmission on Flying Ubiquitous Sensor Networks (FUSN) by Using Lpwan Protocols. Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computer and Communication Networks, Moscow, Russia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51917-3_39"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.02.002","article-title":"Technologies and challenges in developing machine-to-machine applications: A survey","volume":"83","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Martinez, J. (2017, May 07). Smart Viticulture Project in Spain Uses Sensor Devices to Harvest Healthier More Abundant Grapes for Coveted Albario Wines. Libelium World. Available online: http:\/\/www.libelium.com\/sensors-mag-smart-viticulture-project-in-spain-uses-sensor-devices-to-harvest-healthier-more-abundant-grapes-for-coveted-albarino-wines\/."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2017, July 09). Monitoring Green Areas in Spain to Develop a Smart Garden System. Available online: http:\/\/libelium.Com\/downloads\/training\/webinar_smart_agriculture_libelium_29_06_2017.Pdf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haase, J. (2013). Wireless network standards for building automation. Embedded Systems for Smart Appliances and Energy Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8795-2_4"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgakakis, E., Nikolidakis, S.A., Vergados, D.D., and Douligeris, C. (2010, January 18\u201320). An analysis of bluetooth, Zigbee and bluetooth low energy and their use in Wbans. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare, Ayia Napa, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20865-2_22"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Garcia, R., and Gil, I. (2017). An alternative wearable tracking system based on a low-power wide-area network. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030592"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/153604","article-title":"A survey on energy efficient wireless sensor networks for bicycle performance monitoring application","volume":"2014","author":"Gharghan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-014-0276-0","article-title":"A hybrid WiFi P2P with bluetooth low energy for optimizing smart device\u2019s communication property","volume":"8","author":"Joh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Peer Peer Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank, R., Bronzi, W., Castignani, G., and Engel, T. (2014, January 2\u20134). Bluetooth low energy: An alternative technology for VANET applications. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE Annual Conference on Wireless on-Demand Network Systems and Services (WONS), Obergurgl, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/WONS.2014.6814729"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Guo, C., and Qin, J. (2010, January 25\u201329). Efficient application of GPRS and CDMA networks in SCADA system. Proceedings of the IEEE PES General Meeting, Providence, RI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PES.2010.5588206"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2011.2166794","article-title":"Smart grid technologies: Communication technologies and standards","volume":"7","author":"Gungor","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2015.02.004","article-title":"Energy efficient automated control of irrigation in agriculture by using wireless sensor networks","volume":"113","author":"Nikolidakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, T., Lin, S., Feng, Q., and Chen, Y. (2016). Energy-efficient control with harvesting predictions for solar-powered wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010053"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2012.12.019","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variability of soil moisture based on wsn","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"13","article-title":"Successful deployment of a wireless sensor network for precision agriculture in Malawi","volume":"2013","author":"Million","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.08.029","article-title":"Dz50: Energy-efficient wireless sensor mote platform for low data rate applications","volume":"37","author":"Ouadjaout","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.-D., Thanh, T.T., Nguyen, L.-L., and Huynh, H.-T. (2015, January 25\u201328). On the design of energy efficient environment monitoring station and data collection network based on ubiquitous wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE RIVF International Conference on Computing & Communication Technologies Research, Innovation, and Vision for the Future (RIVF), Can Tho, Vietnam."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.4304\/jcp.8.9.2366-2373","article-title":"A chain-type wireless sensor network in greenhouse agriculture","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comput."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eij.2013.06.004","article-title":"Precision farming solution in Egypt using the wireless sensor network technology","volume":"14","year":"2013","journal-title":"Egypt. Inform. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-010-9178-1","article-title":"Design and validation of a wireless sensor network architecture for precision horticulture applications","volume":"12","author":"Soto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.-C., Lee, J.-W., Hwang, J.-H., and Yoe, H. (2010, January 13\u201315). A study on energy efficient mac protocol of wireless sensor network for ubiquitous agriculture. Proceedings of the International Conference on Future Generation Information Technology, Jeju Island, Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17569-5_63"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aneeth, T., and Jayabarathi, R. (2016). Energy-efficient communication in wireless sensor network for precision farming. Artificial Intelligence and Evolutionary Computations in Engineering Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2656-7_38"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittal, A., Chetan, K., Jayaraman, S., Jagyasi, B.G., Pande, A., and Balamuralidhar, P. (2012, January 18\u201321). mKRISHI wireless sensor network platform for precision agriculture. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), Kolkata, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSensT.2012.6461755"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"170","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a wireless sensor network monitoring system in various agricultural environments","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microw. Power Electromagn. Energy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-23","article-title":"A neural data-driven algorithm for smart sampling in wireless sensor networks","volume":"2014","author":"Mesin","year":"2014","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Niu, X., Zheng, L., Zheng, C., and Wang, Y. (2016). Wireless mid-infrared spectroscopy sensor network for automatic carbon dioxide fertilization in a greenhouse environment. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111941"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahota, H., Kumar, R., Kamal, A., and Huang, J. (2010, January 22\u201325). An energy-efficient wireless sensor network for precision agriculture. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), Riccione, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2010.5546508"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamarudin, L., Ahmad, R., Ndzi, D., Zakaria, A., Ong, B., Kamarudin, K., Harun, A., and Mamduh, S. (2012, January 8\u201310). Modeling and simulation of wsns for agriculture applications using dynamic transmit power control algorithm. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation (ISMS), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMS.2012.109"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-014-2175-3","article-title":"Cognitive radio ad-hoc network architectures: A survey","volume":"81","author":"Mansoor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.14257\/ijmue.2015.10.2.02","article-title":"Energy-efficient, learning-inspired channel decision and access technique for cognitive radio-based wireless sensor networks","volume":"10","author":"Abolarinwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Multimed. Ubiquitous Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masonta, M., Haddad, Y., De Nardis, L., Kliks, A., and Holland, O. (2012, January 17\u201319). Energy efficiency in future wireless networks: Cognitive radio standardization requirements. Proceedings of the IEEE 17th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAD.2012.6335359"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.4304\/jcm.6.6.439-459","article-title":"Power saving and energy optimization techniques for wireless sensor neworks","volume":"6","author":"Sendra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-015-1039-8","article-title":"Minimization of wireless sensor network energy consumption through optimal modulation scheme and channel coding strategy","volume":"83","author":"Anane","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Signal Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2015.2402678","article-title":"Zigbee-based communication system for data transfer within future microgrids","volume":"6","author":"Setiawan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2063719","article-title":"Improving energy efficiency in a wireless sensor network by combining cooperative MIMO with data aggregation","volume":"59","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talele, A., Patil, S.G., and Chopade, N. (2015, January 8\u201310). A survey on data routing and aggregation techniques for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Pervasive Computing (ICPC), Pune, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERVASIVE.2015.7087155"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musaazi, K.P., Bulega, T., and Lubega, S.M. (2014, January 24\u201325). Energy efficient data caching in wireless sensor networks: A case of precision agriculture. Proceedings of the International Conference on e-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries, Kampala, Uganda.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16886-9_16"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2010.11.053","article-title":"Development of a smart mobile farming service system","volume":"54","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2008.06.003","article-title":"Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"7","author":"Anastasi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Kim, K., and Joukov, N. (2017). An energy-efficient transmission framework for IoT monitoring systems in precision agriculture. Information Science and Applications 2017: Icisa 2017, Springer."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics2040387","article-title":"An energy conservative wireless sensor networks approach for precision agriculture","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"2394","article-title":"Spin protocol for wireless sensor network","volume":"2","author":"Pattani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2179933","article-title":"Analysis of power characteristics for sap flow, soil moisture, and soil water potential sensors in wireless sensor networking systems","volume":"12","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-wss.2014.0120","article-title":"Data collection using miniature aerial vehicles in wireless sensor networks","volume":"6","author":"Mathur","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Wirel. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, T.F., and Kumar, D.S. (2016, January 27\u201328). Mobile collector aided energy reduced (MCER) data collection in agricultural wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 6th International Conference on Advanced Computing (IACC), Bhimavaram, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/IACC.2016.122"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Hedley, C., Ekanayake, J., and Roudier, P. (2012). Wireless soil moisture sensor networks for precision irrigation scheduling. Workshop Abstracts, Advanced Nutrient Management: Gains from the Past-Goals for the Future, Massey University."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2014.04.012","article-title":"Wireless sensor network coverage measurement and planning in mixed crop farming","volume":"105","author":"Ndzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/a6010029","article-title":"Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks through balanced clustering","volume":"6","author":"Nikolidakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Algorithms"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19507","DOI":"10.3390\/s150819507","article-title":"A scalable context-aware objective function (SCAOF) of routing protocol for agricultural low-power and lossy networks (RPAL)","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"838","article-title":"Design of wireless sensor network-based greenhouse environment monitoring and automatic control system","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Netw."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.1229","article-title":"A wireless sensor network for precision agriculture and its performance","volume":"11","author":"Sahota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.120610.100244","article-title":"An energy-efficient communication scheme for wireless networks: A redundant radix-based approach","volume":"10","author":"Sinha","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"16","article-title":"Simulation and analysis of leach for wireless sensor networks in agriculture","volume":"21","author":"Kamarudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"De la Concepcion, A.R., Stefanelli, R., and Trinchero, D. (2014, January 10\u201313). A wireless sensor network platform optimized for assisted sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC), San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.060710.00094","article-title":"Energy harvesting sensor nodes: Survey and implications","volume":"13","author":"Sudevalayam","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nintanavongsa, P., Naderi, M.Y., and Chowdhury, K.R. (2013, January 14\u201319). Medium access control protocol design for sensors powered by wireless energy transfer. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM, Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2013.6566753"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anisi, M.H., Abdul-Salaam, G., Idris, M.Y.I., Wahab, A.W.A., and Ahmedy, I. (2015). Energy harvesting and battery power based routing in wireless sensor networks. Wirel. Netw.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-1150-6"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.02.021","article-title":"Energy replenishment using renewable and traditional energy resources for sustainable wireless sensor networks: A review","volume":"45","author":"Akhtar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/02533839.2016.1273140","article-title":"Remote monitoring system for agricultural information based on wireless sensor network","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chin. Inst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.12.078","article-title":"Colocation opportunities for large solar infrastructures and agriculture in drylands","volume":"165","author":"Ravi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ref.2016.08.013","article-title":"Solar-powered irrigation: A solution to water management in agriculture?","volume":"17","author":"Roblin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Energy Focus"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2015.05.006","article-title":"Solar powered micro-irrigation system for small holders of dryland agriculture in India","volume":"158","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9741","DOI":"10.3390\/s150509741","article-title":"Adaptive control of the packet transmission period with solar energy harvesting prediction in wireless sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, J., and Gao, Y. (2010, January 6\u20137). Greenhouse wireless sensor network monitoring system design based on solar energy. Proceedings of the International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering (CESCE), Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CESCE.2010.274"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastasi, G., Bellini, E., Di Nitto, E., Ghezzi, C., Tanca, L., and Zimeo, E. (2012). Wireless sensor networks for monitoring vineyards. Methodologies and Technologies for Networked Enterprises: Artdeco: Adaptive Infrastructures for Decentralised Organisations, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31739-2"},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Mittleider, A., Griffin, B., and Detweiler, C. (2016, January 3\u20136). Experimental analysis of a uav-based wireless power transfer localization system. Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Experimental Robotics, Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Shu, Y., Yu, B., Liang, C., Shi, Z., and Chen, J. (2016, January 25\u201330). Demo: Mobile wireless charging and sensing by drones. Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services Companion, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1145\/2938559.2938561"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4884","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2013.110113.130184","article-title":"Energy cooperation in energy harvesting communications","volume":"61","author":"Gurakan","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaushik, K., Mishra, D., De, S., Basagni, S., Heinzelman, W., Chowdhury, K., and Jana, S. (2013, January 8\u201311). Experimental demonstration of multi-hop RF energy transfer. Proceedings of the IEEE 24th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2013.6666195"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2013.6590061","article-title":"Wireless power transfer and applications to sensor networks","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel.Commun."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nayak, A., Prakash, G., and Rao, A. (2014, January 23\u201325). Harnessing wind energy to power sensor networks for agriculture. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Energy Conversion Technologies (ICAECT), Manipal, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAECT.2014.6757091"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00502-010-0719-0","article-title":"A wireless sensor network using energy harvesting for agricultural machinery","volume":"127","author":"Rittenschober","year":"2010","journal-title":"E & I Elektrotech. Informationstech."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2008.04.005","article-title":"Sun, wind and water flow as energy supply for small stationary data acquisition platforms","volume":"64","author":"Morais","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sartori, D., and Brunelli, D. (2016, January 20\u201322). A smart sensor for precision agriculture powered by microbial fuel cells. Proceedings of the IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), Catania, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS.2016.7479815"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2005.9","article-title":"Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless electronics","volume":"4","author":"Paradiso","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filippini, D. (2013). Research in energy harvesting wireless sensor networks and the challenges ahead. Autonomous Sensor Networks: Collective Sensing Strategies for Analytical Purposes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34648-4"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2011.03.004","article-title":"A review of wireless sensors and networks\u2019 applications in agriculture","volume":"36","author":"Abbasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Malaver Rojas, J.A., Gonzalez, L.F., Motta, N., Villa, T.F., Etse, V.K., and Puig, E. (October, January 28). Design and flight testing of an integrated solar powered UAV and WSN for greenhouse gas monitoring emissions in agricultural farms. Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bencini, L., Maddio, S., Collodi, G., Di Palma, D., Manes, G., and Manes, A. (2012). Development of wireless sensor networks for agricultural monitoring. Smart Sensing Technology for Agriculture and Environmental Monitoring, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-27638-5_9"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eto, M., Katsuma, R., Tamai, M., and Yasumoto, K. (2015, January 24\u201327). Efficient coverage of agricultural field with mobile sensors by predicting solar power generation. Proceedings of the IEEE 29th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA), Gwangiu, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2015.167"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.08.002","article-title":"Harnessing wireless sensor technologies to advance forest ecology and agricultural research","volume":"150","author":"Burgess","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.08.295","article-title":"Investigation in wireless power transmission for UAV charging","volume":"60","author":"Simic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertacchini, A., and Larcher, L. (2016, January 14\u201317). Wireless sensor systems with energy harvesting capabilities for safety enhancement in agricultural vehicles. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2016.7475065"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scorcioni, S., Bertacchini, A., Dondi, D., Larcher, L., Pavan, P., and Mainardi, G. (2011, January 7\u201310). A vibration-powered wireless system to enhance safety in agricultural machinery. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON), Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2011.6119877"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philipp, F., Zhao, P., Samman, F.A., Glesner, M., Dassanayake, K.B., Maheswararajah, S., and Halgamuge, S. (2012, January 27\u201329). Adaptive wireless sensor networks powered by hybrid energy harvesting for environmental monitoring. Proceedings of the IEEE 6th International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability (ICIAFS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIAFS.2012.6419918"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dlodlo, N., and Kalezhi, J. (2015, January 17\u201320). The internet of things in agriculture for sustainable rural development. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Networks and Computer Communications (ETNCC), Windhoek, Namibia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETNCC.2015.7184801"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"25","article-title":"Survey of promising technologies for 5G networks","volume":"2016","author":"Le","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.01.009","article-title":"Automation of agriculture support systems using Wisekar: Case study of a crop-disease advisory service","volume":"122","author":"Sarangi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1350929","article-title":"An application-driven modular IoT architecture","volume":"2017","author":"Yelamarthi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sales, N., Rem\u00e9dios, O., and Arsenio, A. (2015, January 14\u201316). Wireless sensor and actuator system for smart irrigation on the cloud. Proceedings of the IEEE 2nd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2015.7389138"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/306801","article-title":"Analysis and solutions to 3G gateway issues in agriculture WSNs","volume":"11","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayaraman, P., Yavari, A., Georgakopoulos, D., Morshed, A., and Zaslavsky, A. (2016). Internet of things platform for smart farming: Experiences and lessons learnt. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111884"},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"(2017, July 10). Tmotes. Available online: http:\/\/wirelesssensornetworks.Weebly.Com\/1\/post\/2013\/08\/tmote-sky.Html."},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"(2017, July 10). Arduino. Available online: http:\/\/www.Libelium.Com\/."},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"Liu, D., Cao, X., Huang, C., and Ji, L. (2015, January 19\u201320). Intelligent agriculture greenhouse environment monitoring system based on IoT technolog. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Transportation, Big Data and Smart City (ICITBS), Halong Bay, Vietnam."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harun, A.N., Kassim, M.R.M., Mat, I., and Ramli, S.S. (2015, January 26\u201328). Precision irrigation using wireless sensor network. Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Sensors and Application (ICSSA), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSSA.2015.7322513"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2014.12.009","article-title":"Integrated open geospatial web service enabled cyber-physical information infrastructure for precision agriculture monitoring","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)06548-3","article-title":"A system for pesticide residues detection and agricultural products traceability based on acetylcholinesterase biosensor and internet of things","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, R., Pastor, J., \u00c1lvarez, B., and Iborra, A. (2016). A testbed to evaluate the fiware-based IoT platform in the domain of precision agriculture. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111979"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e1ndez-Pastor, F., Garc\u00eda-Chamizo, J., Nieto-Hidalgo, M., Mora-Pascual, J., and Mora-Mart\u00ednez, J. (2016). Developing ubiquitous sensor network platform using internet of things: Application in precision agriculture. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071141"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., and Li, S. (2016, January 13\u201314). Design and research of intelligent greenhouse monitoring system based on internet of things. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Science and Electronic Technology (CSET 2016), Zhengzhou, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/cset-16.2016.19"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mat, I., Kassim, M.R.M., Harun, A.N., and Yusoff, I.M. (2016, January 10\u201312). IoT in precision agriculture applications using wireless moisture sensor network. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Open Systems (ICOS), Langkawi, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOS.2016.7881983"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khattab, A., Abdelgawad, A., and Yelmarthi, K. (2016, January 17\u201320). Design and implementation of a cloud-based IoT scheme for precision agriculture. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM), Giza, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICM.2016.7847850"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baranwal, T., and Pateriya, P.K. (2016, January 14\u201315). Development of IoT based smart security and monitoring devices for agriculture. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference Cloud System and Big Data Engineering (Confluence), Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CONFLUENCE.2016.7508189"},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Bing, F. (2016, January 22\u201323). The research of IoT of agriculture based on three layers architecture. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (CCIOT), Dalian, China."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kodali, R.K., Jain, V., and Karagwal, S. (2016, January 21\u201323). IoT based smart greenhouse. Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC), Agra, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/R10-HTC.2016.7906846"},{"key":"ref_162","unstructured":"Li, Q., and Wu, H. (2016, January 18\u201320). Research on vegetable growth monitoring platform based on facility agricultural IoT. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Geo-Informatics in Resource Management and Sustainable Ecosystem, GRMSE 2016, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajalakshmi, P., and Mahalakshmi, S.D. (2016, January 7\u20138). IoT based crop-field monitoring and irrigation automation. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Control (ISCO), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCO.2016.7726900"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil, K., and Kale, N. (2016, January 22\u201324). A model for smart agriculture using IoT. Proceedings of the International Conference on Global Trends in Signal Processing, Information Computing and Communication (ICGTSPICC), Jalgaon, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICGTSPICC.2016.7955360"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brun-Laguna, K., Diedrichs, A.L., Chaar, J.E., Dujovne, D., Taffernaberry, J.C., Mercado, G., and Watteyne, T. (2016, January 27\u201330). A demo of the PEACH IoT-based frost event prediction system for precision agriculture. Proceedings of the 13th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2016.7732963"},{"key":"ref_166","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Chen, J., Wang, Y., and Fan, Z. (2016, January 15\u201317). A remote monitoring system for greenhouse based on the internet of things. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mechanics and Mechatronics Research (ICMMR 2016), Chongqing, China."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.03.003","article-title":"On precisely relating the growth of phalaenopsis leaves to greenhouse environmental factors by using an IoT-based monitoring system","volume":"136","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malche, T., and Maheshwary, P. (2017, January 8). Internet of things (IoT) based water level monitoring system for smart village. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communication and Networks, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2750-5_32"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, J., Stewart, R., and Kennedy, S. (2017, January 26\u201328). Internet of things\u2014Propagation modelling for precision agriculture applications. Proceedings of the Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WTS.2017.7943528"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Encinas, C., Ruiz, E., Cortez, J., and Espinoza, A. (2017, January 26\u201328). Design and implementation of a distributed IoT system for the monitoring of water quality in aquaculture. Proceedings of the Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WTS.2017.7943540"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reda, H.T., Daely, P.T., Kharel, J., and Shin, S.Y. (2017). On the application of IoT: Meteorological information display system based on LoRa wireless communication. IETE Tech. Rev.","DOI":"10.1080\/02564602.2017.1279988"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao-hoang, T., and Duy, C.N. (2017, January 16\u201319). Environment monitoring system for agricultural application based on wireless sensor network. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information Science and Technology (ICIST), Da Nang, Vietnam.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIST.2017.7926499"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2017.2677619","article-title":"Analysis of three IoT-based wireless sensors for environmental monitoring","volume":"66","author":"Mois","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"Vasisht, D., Kapetanovic, Z., Won, J., Jin, X., Chandra, R., Sinha, S.N., Kapoor, A., Sudarshan, M., and Stratman, S. (2017, January 27\u201329). FarmBeats: An IoT platform for data-driven agriculture. Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, H., Shi, Y., Wang, X., and Li, T. (2016). Modeling wireless sensor networks radio frequency signal loss in corn environment. Multimed. Tools Appl.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-3150-z"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2011.10.013","article-title":"Practical considerations for wireless sensor networks in cattle monitoring applications","volume":"81","author":"Kwong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2015.67","article-title":"Precision farming: Sensor analytics","volume":"30","author":"Ivanov","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2017.28","article-title":"Opportunistic wireless networking for smart dairy farming","volume":"19","author":"Kulatunga","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE IT Prof."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2652320","article-title":"Low power wide area networks: An overview","volume":"19","author":"Raza","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"43","article-title":"In-field wireless sensor network (WSN) for estimating evapotranspiration and leaf wetness","volume":"18","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Agric. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-016-3842-3","article-title":"The IoT architectural framework, design issues and application domains","volume":"92","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1781\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:45:09Z","timestamp":1760208309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1781"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]},"references-count":181,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s17081781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17081781","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]}}}