{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:40:32Z","timestamp":1761975632186,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a low-cost high-efficiency solar energy harvesting system to power outdoor wireless sensor nodes. It is based on a Voltage Open Circuit (VOC) algorithm that estimates the open-circuit voltage by means of a multilayer perceptron neural network model trained using local experimental characterization data, which are acquired through a novel low cost characterization system incorporated into the deployed node. Both units\u2014characterization and modelling\u2014are controlled by the same low-cost microcontroller, providing a complete solution which can be understood as a virtual pilot cell, with identical characteristics to those of the specific small solar cell installed on the sensor node, that besides allows an easy adaptation to changes in the actual environmental conditions, panel aging, etc. Experimental comparison to a classical pilot panel based VOC algorithm show better efficiency under the same tested conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T11:07:08Z","timestamp":1501844828000},"page":"1794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Compact Energy Harvesting System for Outdoor Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on a Low-Cost In Situ Photovoltaic Panel Characterization-Modelling Unit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4404-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Antol\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), Arag\u00f3n Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica y Comunicaciones, Universidad de Zaragoza, C\/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5380-3013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Medrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), Arag\u00f3n Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica y Comunicaciones, Universidad de Zaragoza, C\/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), Arag\u00f3n Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica y Comunicaciones, Universidad de Zaragoza, C\/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), Arag\u00f3n Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica y Comunicaciones, Universidad de Zaragoza, C\/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.2468","article-title":"Cross-layer optimized routing in wireless sensor networks with duty cycle and energy harvesting","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. 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