{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T12:37:39Z","timestamp":1763642259784,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]],"date-time":"2017-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51504194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51504194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Young Talent fund of University Association for Science and Technology in Shaanxi China","award":["20160120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160120"]}]},{"name":"Startup Project of Doctor Scientific Research of Xi\u2019an ShiYou University","award":["2015BS27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015BS27"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transient electromagnetic (TEM) techniques are widely used in the field of geophysical prospecting. In borehole detection, the nondestructive inspection (NDI) of a metal pipe can be performed efficiently using the properties of eddy currents. However, with increasing concern for safety in oil and gas production, more than one string of pipe is used to protect wellbores, which complicates data interpretation. In this paper, an auxiliary sensor-based borehole TEM system for the NDI of multipipe strings is presented. On the basis of the characteristics of the borehole TEM model, we investigate the principle behind the NDI of multipipe strings using multiple time slices of induced electromotive force (EMF) in a single sensor. The results show that the detection performance of NDI is strongly influenced by eddy-current diffusion in the longitudinal direction. To solve this problem, we used time slices of the induced EMF in both the main and auxiliary sensors. The performance of the proposed system was verified by applying it to an oil well with a production casing and liner. Moreover, field experiments were conducted, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,10]],"date-time":"2017-08-10T02:33:58Z","timestamp":1502332438000},"page":"1836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Auxiliary Sensor-Based Borehole Transient Electromagnetic System for the Nondestructive Inspection of Multipipe Strings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9258-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Dang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Photoelectric Logging and Detecting of Oil and Gas, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9794-9324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Photoelectric Logging and Detecting of Oil and Gas, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Photoelectric Logging and Detecting of Oil and Gas, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}]},{"given":"Changzan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}]},{"given":"Ruirong","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Photoelectric Logging and Detecting of Oil and Gas, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Photoelectric Logging and Detecting of Oil and Gas, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Photoelectric Logging and Detecting of Oil and Gas, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Liu, F., Lin, J., Zhu, K., and Wang, Y. (2016). An Optimized Air-Core Coil Sensor with a Magnetic Flux Compensation Structure Suitable to the Helicopter TEM System. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040508"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2003.08.004","article-title":"The application of the transient electromagnetic method in hydrogeophysical surveys","volume":"53","author":"Danielsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2016.08.001","article-title":"Evaluation and mapping of Dead Sea coastal aquifers salinity using Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) resistivity measurements","volume":"349","author":"Ezersky","year":"2017","journal-title":"C. R. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christiansen, A.V., Auken, E., and S\u00f8rensen, K. (2009). The transient electromagnetic method. Groundw. Geophys., 179\u2013226.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88405-7_6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160714","DOI":"10.1587\/elex.13.20160714","article-title":"Borehole electromagnetic induction system with noise cancelation for casing inspection","volume":"13","author":"Dang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEICE Electron. Express"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"222","article-title":"New Borehole Transient Electromagnetic System for Reservoir Monitoring","volume":"53","author":"Dutta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Petrophysics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01901643","article-title":"Electrical and electromagnetic borehole measurements: A review","volume":"17","author":"Spies","year":"1996","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., and Wang, S. (2016). The Pulsed Eddy Current Testing. New Technologies in Electromagnetic Non-Destructive Testing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-0578-7"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2631541","article-title":"Pulsed Eddy Current Inspection of Wall Loss in Steam Generator Trefoil Broach Supports","volume":"17","author":"Mokros","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.3390\/s110302525","article-title":"Non-Destructive Techniques Based on Eddy Current Testing","volume":"11","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4283\/JMAG.2016.21.1.057","article-title":"Detection of Corrosion and Wall Thinning in Carbon Steel Pipe Covered With Insulation Using Pulsed Eddy Current","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Magn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bateman, R.M. (2015). Casing Inspection Cased-Hole Log Analysis and Reservoir Performance Monitoring, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2068-6"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2008). Technical Report on Equations and Calculations for Casing, Tubing, and Line Pipe used as Casing or Tubing; and Performance Properties Tables for Casing and Tubing, American Petroleum Institute. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Marinov, S.G. (1985). Improved Interpretation of the Downhole Casing Inspection Logs for Two Strings of Pipess Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Springer."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Guergueb, N., Garcia, J., Yateem, K.S., and Sethi, N. (2013, January 26\u201328). Successful Application of a New Electromagnetic Corrosion Tool for Well Integrity Evaluation in Old Wells Completed with Reduced Diameter Tubular. Proceedings of the International Petroleum Technology Conference, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.2523\/16997-ABSTRACT"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"353","article-title":"Investigation of casing inspection through tubing with pulsed eddy current","volume":"27","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2003.813688","article-title":"Conductivity tomography for non-destructive evaluation using pulsed eddy current with HTS SQUID magnetometer","volume":"13","author":"Krause","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercon."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2354404","article-title":"Pulsed Eddy Current Detection of Cracks in Multilayer Aluminum Lap Joints","volume":"15","author":"Stott","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"400","article-title":"Advances in transient (pulsed) eddy current for inspection of multi-layer aluminum structures in the presence of ferrous fasteners","volume":"1","author":"Desjardins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Inst. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Dashevsky, A., and Yu, A. (2003). Principles of Induction Logging, Elsevier."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1836\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:41:54Z","timestamp":1760208114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s17081836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17081836","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]]}}}