{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T13:04:22Z","timestamp":1762607062058,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]],"date-time":"2017-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antarctic conditions demand that wireless sensor nodes are operational all year round and that they provide a large communication range of several tens of kilometers. LoRa technology operating in sub-GHz frequency bands implements these wireless links with minimal power consumption. The employed chirp spread spectrum modulation provides a large link budget, combined with the excellent radio-wave propagation characteristics in these bands. In this paper, an experimental wireless link from a mobile vehicle which transmits sensor data to a base station is measured and analyzed in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and packet loss. These measurements confirm the usefulness of LoRa technology for wireless sensor systems in polar regions. By deploying directional antennas at the base station, a range of up to 30 km is covered in case of Line-of-Sight radio propagation in both the 434 and 868 MHz bands. Varying terrain elevation is shown to be the dominating factor influencing the propagation, sometimes causing the Line-of-Sight path to be obstructed. Tropospheric radio propagation effects were not apparent in the measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T04:12:17Z","timestamp":1503288737000},"page":"1903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["LoRa Mobile-To-Base-Station Channel Characterization in the Antarctic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Johnny","family":"Gaelens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Gent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Van Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Gent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4003-0098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Verhaevert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Gent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8139-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"Rogier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Gent, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2017, May 10). 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Available online: http:\/\/www.diamondantenna.net\/x700hna.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1903\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:42:44Z","timestamp":1760208164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s17081903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17081903","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]]}}}