{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:56:58Z","timestamp":1784213818355,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,19]],"date-time":"2017-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Environmental Conservation Fund, Hong Kong SAR Government","award":["ECF\/22\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECF\/22\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Guy Carpenter Climate Change Centre","award":["93610126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["93610126"]}]},{"name":"Research Grant Council of Hong Kong SAR, China","award":["21201214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21201214"]}]},{"name":"Research Grant Council of Hong Kong SAR, China","award":["11204115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11204115"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging low-cost gas sensor technologies have received increasing attention in recent years for air quality measurements due to their small size and convenient deployment. However, in the diverse applications these sensors face many technological challenges, including sensor drift over long-term deployment that cannot be easily addressed using mathematical correction algorithms or machine learning methods. This study aims to develop a novel approach to auto-correct the drift of commonly used electrochemical nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensor with comprehensive evaluation of its application. The impact of environmental factors on the NO2 electrochemical sensor in low-ppb concentration level measurement was evaluated in laboratory and the temperature and relative humidity correction algorithm was evaluated. An automated zeroing protocol was developed and assessed using a chemical absorbent to remove NO2 as a means to perform zero correction in varying ambient conditions. The sensor system was operated in three different environments in which data were compared to a reference NO2 analyzer. The results showed that the zero-calibration protocol effectively corrected the observed drift of the sensor output. This technique offers the ability to enhance the performance of low-cost sensor based systems and these findings suggest extension of the approach to improve data quality from sensors measuring other gaseous pollutants in urban air.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T11:10:51Z","timestamp":1503313851000},"page":"1916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Development and Evaluation of A Novel and Cost-Effective Approach for Low-Cost NO2 Sensor Drift Correction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dane","family":"Westerdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Guy Carpenter Climate Change Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-3325-2014","article-title":"The next generation of low-cost personal air quality sensors for quantitative exposure monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Piedrahita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.11.060","article-title":"The use of electrochemical sensors for monitoring urban air quality in low-cost, high-density networks","volume":"70","author":"Mead","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.11.019","article-title":"The rise of low-cost sensing for managing air pollution in cities","volume":"75","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3970","DOI":"10.1021\/es404610t","article-title":"High density ozone monitoring using gas sensitive semi-conductor sensors in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia","volume":"48","author":"Bart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11274-8","article-title":"Air pollution and health","volume":"360","author":"Brunekreef","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.012","article-title":"Human health effects of air pollution","volume":"151","author":"Kampa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2008.06.003","article-title":"Effects of nitrogen dioxide on human health: Systematic review of experimental and epidemiological studies conducted between 2002 and 2006","volume":"212","author":"Latza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.02.008","article-title":"Gas sensor network for air-pollution monitoring","volume":"110","author":"Tsujita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.02.024","article-title":"An electronic nose based on solid state sensor arrays for low-cost indoor air quality monitoring applications","volume":"101","author":"Zampolli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.03.031","article-title":"Field calibration of a cluster of low-cost available sensors for air quality monitoring. Part A: Ozone and nitrogen dioxide","volume":"215","author":"Spinelle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2009.2022372","article-title":"Smart sensors network for air quality monitoring applications","volume":"58","author":"Postolache","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065803","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/24\/6\/065803","article-title":"Validation of low-cost ozone measurement instruments suitable for use in an air-quality monitoring network","volume":"24","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L., Wong, K.C., Wei, P., Ye, S., Huang, H., Yang, F., Westerdahl, D., Louie, P.K., Luk, C.W., and Ning, Z. (2016). Development and Application of a Next Generation Air Sensor Network for the Hong Kong Marathon 2015 Air Quality Monitoring. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020211"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00591.x","article-title":"Nitrogem oxide gas emissions from temperate forest soils receiving long-term nitrogen inputs","volume":"9","author":"Venterea","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.04.057","article-title":"Source attribution of air pollution by spatial scale separation using high spatial density networks of low cost air quality sensors","volume":"113","author":"Heimann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wei, P., Ning, Z., Ye, S., Sun, L., Yang, F.H., Wong, K.C., and Westerdahl, D. (2017). Correction algorithm development and error analysis of electrochemical sensors for ambient air quality monitoring. Sens. Actuators B Chem., submitted."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Chou, J. (2000). Hazardous Gas Monitor, McGraw-Hill Book Company."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1021\/ac970644y","article-title":"Amperometric Gas Sensor Response Times","volume":"70","author":"Warburton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Saffell, J., Baron, R., and Hossain, M. (2017). Amperometric electrochemical gas sensing apparatus and method for measuring oxidising gases. (20170016847 A1), U.S. Patent."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1916\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:42:49Z","timestamp":1760208169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1916"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,19]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s17081916"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17081916","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,19]]}}}