{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T23:21:22Z","timestamp":1772839282808,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is concern regarding the heterogeneity of exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) across urban areas leading to negatively biased health effects models. New, low-cost sensors now permit continuous and simultaneous measurements to be made in multiple locations. Measurements of ambient PM were made from October to April 2015\u20132016 and 2016\u20132017 to assess the spatial and temporal variability in PM and the relative importance of traffic and wood smoke to outdoor PM concentrations in Rochester, NY, USA. In general, there was moderate spatial inhomogeneity, as indicated by multiple pairwise measures including coefficient of divergence and signed rank tests of the value distributions. Pearson correlation coefficients were often moderate (~50% of units showed correlations &gt;0.5 during the first season), indicating that there was some coherent variation across the area, likely driven by a combination of meteorological conditions (wind speed, direction, and mixed layer heights) and the concentration of PM2.5 being transported into the region. Although the accuracy of these PM sensors is limited, they are sufficiently precise relative to one another and to research grade instruments that they can be useful is assessing the spatial and temporal variations across an area and provide concentration estimates based on higher-quality central site monitoring data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T11:10:51Z","timestamp":1503313851000},"page":"1922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Estimating Hourly Concentrations of PM2.5 across a Metropolitan Area Using Low-Cost Particle Monitors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8753-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadezda","family":"Zikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 12801, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0809-9212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Masiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA, <email>David_Rich@urmc.rochester.edu<\/email>"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Chalupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA, <email>David_Rich@urmc.rochester.edu<\/email>"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2367-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Hopke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA, <email>David_Rich@urmc.rochester.edu<\/email>"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.10.005","article-title":"A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. 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