{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:52:38Z","timestamp":1777539158839,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,23]],"date-time":"2017-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we developed an assay to determine if an arbitrary white powder is a controlled substance, given the plasmonic response of aptamer-gold nanoparticle conjugates (Apt-AuNPs). Toward this end, we designed Apt-AuNPs with specific a response to common controlled substances without cross reactivity to chemicals typically used as fillers in street formulations. Plasmonic sensor variation was shown to produce unique data fingerprints for each chemical analyzed, supporting the application of multivariate statistical techniques to annotate unknown samples by chemical similarity. Importantly, the assay takes less than fifteen minutes to run, and requires only a few micrograms of the material, making the proposed assay easily deployable in field operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17091935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,23]],"date-time":"2017-08-23T11:32:27Z","timestamp":1503487947000},"page":"1935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cross-Reactive Plasmonic Aptasensors for Controlled Substance Identification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Yoho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"},{"name":"UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, OH 45432, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Geier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"},{"name":"UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, OH 45432, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Grigsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"},{"name":"UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, OH 45432, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Kelley-Loughnane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2014). 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