{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T16:02:37Z","timestamp":1762272157143,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]],"date-time":"2017-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposed the high-precision satellite orbit prediction process at the user end for the real-time precise point positioning (PPP) system. Firstly, the structure of a new real-time PPP system will be briefly introduced in the paper. Then, the generation of satellite initial parameters (IP) at the sever end will be discussed, which includes the satellite position, velocity, and the solar radiation pressure (SRP) parameters for each satellite. After that, the method for orbit prediction at the user end, with dynamic models including the Earth\u2019s gravitational force, lunar gravitational force, solar gravitational force, and the SRP, are presented. For numerical integration, both the single-step Runge\u2013Kutta and multi-step Adams\u2013Bashforth\u2013Moulton integrator methods are implemented. Then, the comparison between the predicted orbit and the international global navigation satellite system (GNSS) service (IGS) final products are carried out. The results show that the prediction accuracy can be maintained for several hours, and the average prediction error of the 31 satellites are 0.031, 0.032, and 0.033 m for the radial, along-track and cross-track directions over 12 h, respectively. Finally, the PPP in both static and kinematic modes are carried out to verify the accuracy of the predicted satellite orbit. The average root mean square error (RMSE) for the static PPP of the 32 globally distributed IGS stations are 0.012, 0.015, and 0.021 m for the north, east, and vertical directions, respectively; while the RMSE of the kinematic PPP with the predicted orbit are 0.031, 0.069, and 0.167 m in the north, east and vertical directions, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17091981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]],"date-time":"2017-08-30T10:40:00Z","timestamp":1504089600000},"page":"1981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["GPS Satellite Orbit Prediction at User End for Real-Time PPP System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hongzhou","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Profound Positioning Inc., Calgary, AB T2P 3G3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Geomatics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6449-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bisnath, S., and Gao, Y. (2009). Current state of precise point positioning and future prospects and limitations. Observing Our Changing Earth, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5081\/jgps.3.1.95","article-title":"Performance Analysis of Precise Point Positioning Using Rea-Time Orbit and Clock Products","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Glob. Position. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Weber, G., Dettmering, D., and Gebhard, H. (2009). Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol (NTRIP). International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Springer."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Melgard, T., Vigen, E., de Jong, K., Lapucha, D., Visser, H., and Oerpen, O. (2009, January 22\u201325). G2-the first real-time GPS and GLONASS precise orbit and clock service. 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International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1345_2016_255"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"185","article-title":"Satellite Orbits: Models, Methods and Applications","volume":"134","author":"Montenbruck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlis, N.K., Holmes, S.A., Kenyon, S.C., and Factor, J.K. (2012). The development and evaluation of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008). J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008916"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"G\u00e9rard, P., and Luzum, B. (2017, May 01). IERS Conventions. Available online: https:\/\/www.iers.org\/IERS\/EN\/Publications\/TechnicalNotes\/tn36.html."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Folkner, W.M., Williams, J.G., and Boggs, D.H. (2009, August 15). 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Available online: http:\/\/sopac.ucsd.edu\/sector.shtml."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/9\/1981\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:43:39Z","timestamp":1760208219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/9\/1981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s17091981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17091981","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]]}}}