{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T21:41:41Z","timestamp":1771537301109,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]],"date-time":"2017-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MINECO\/FEDER","award":["TEC2014-58341-C4-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2014-58341-C4-2-R"]}]},{"name":"MINECO\/FEDER","award":["TEC2014-60258-C2-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2014-60258-C2-2-R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The device discovery process is one of the most crucial aspects in real deployments of sensor networks. Recently, several works have analyzed the topic of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) device discovery through analytical or simulation models limited to version 4.x. Non-connectable and non-scannable undirected advertising has been shown to be a reliable alternative for discovering a high number of devices in a relatively short time period. However, new features of Bluetooth 5.0 allow us to define a variant on the device discovery process, based on BLE scannable undirected advertising events, which results in higher discovering capacities and also lower power consumption. In order to characterize this new device discovery process, we experimentally model the real device behavior of BLE scannable undirected advertising events. Non-detection packet probability, discovery probability, and discovery latency for a varying number of devices and parameters are compared by simulations and experimental measurements. We demonstrate that our proposal outperforms previous works, diminishing the discovery time and increasing the potential user device density. A mathematical model is also developed in order to easily obtain a measure of the potential capacity in high density scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17091988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]],"date-time":"2017-08-30T10:40:00Z","timestamp":1504089600000},"page":"1988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Proposal and Evaluation of BLE Discovery Process Based on New Features of Bluetooth 5.0"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0299-0859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Solana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2664-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Perez-Diaz-de-Cerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Theory and Communications Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Esteve Terrades 7, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0735-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Valdovinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7238-2621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Theory and Communications Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Esteve Terrades 7, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications","volume":"17","author":"Guizani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Z.-M., Chang, C.-H., Chou, N.-K., and Lin, Y.-H. (2014, January 23\u201325). Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) based blood pressure monitoring system. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Intelligent Green Building and Smart Grid (IGBSG), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGBSG.2014.6835225"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2015.07.010","article-title":"Utilizing a Bluetooth remote lock system for a smartphone","volume":"24","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2015.01.005","article-title":"Bluetooth for Internet of Things: A fuzzy approach to improve power management in smart homes","volume":"44","author":"Collotta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. 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Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010159"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treurniet, J.J., Sarkar, C., Prasad, R.V., and De Boer, W. (2015, January 24\u201326). Energy consumption and latency in BLE devices under mutual interference: An experimental study. Proceedings of the 2015 3rd International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud, FiCloud 2015, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/FiCloud.2015.108"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2558194","article-title":"Performance Analysis of Neighbor Discovery Process in Bluetooth Low Energy Networks","volume":"66","author":"Jeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. 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Available online: http:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ug\/tidu040b\/tidu040b.pdf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/9\/1988\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:43:40Z","timestamp":1760208220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/9\/1988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s17091988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17091988","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]]}}}