{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:55:52Z","timestamp":1775696152394,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]],"date-time":"2017-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Thammasat University Research Fund (Contract Number 2\/22\/2557)","award":["2\/22\/2557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2\/22\/2557"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electronic noses (E-Noses) are becoming popular for food and fruit quality assessment due to their robustness and repeated usability without fatigue, unlike human experts. An E-Nose equipped with classification algorithms and having open ended classification boundaries such as the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), support vector machine (SVM), and multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN), are found to suffer from false classification errors of irrelevant odor data. To reduce false classification and misclassification errors, and to improve correct rejection performance; algorithms with a hyperspheric boundary, such as a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and generalized regression neural network (GRNN) with a Gaussian activation function in the hidden layer should be used. The simulation results presented in this paper show that GRNN has more correct classification efficiency and false alarm reduction capability compared to RBFNN. As the design of a GRNN and RBFNN is complex and expensive due to large numbers of neuron requirements, a simple hyperspheric classification method based on minimum, maximum, and mean (MMM) values of each class of the training dataset was presented. The MMM algorithm was simple and found to be fast and efficient in correctly classifying data of training classes, and correctly rejecting data of extraneous odors, and thereby reduced false alarms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]],"date-time":"2017-09-12T10:40:04Z","timestamp":1505212804000},"page":"2089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A False Alarm Reduction Method for a Gas Sensor Based Electronic Nose"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Computer and Communication Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12121, Thailand"},{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1705-4411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chalie","family":"Charoenlarpnopparut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Computer and Communication Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12121, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prapun","family":"Suksompong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Computer and Communication Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12121, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pisanu","family":"Toochinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bio-chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12121"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Attaphongse","family":"Taparugssanagorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICT Department, Telecommunications, School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/299352a0","article-title":"Analysis of discrimination mechanisms in the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose","volume":"299","author":"Persaud","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3882","DOI":"10.3390\/s100403882","article-title":"Metal oxide sensors for electronic noses and their application to food analysis","volume":"10","author":"Berna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3182\/20090921-3-TR-3005.00038","article-title":"Electronic nose for a fire detection system by neural networks","volume":"42","author":"Omatu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.12.059","article-title":"Development of an electronic nose for fire detection","volume":"116","author":"Emmanuel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1108\/02602281211197143","article-title":"Fire detection in coal mines based on semiconductor gas sensors","volume":"32","author":"Reimann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2008.923029","article-title":"Advanced agent identification with fluctuation-enhanced sensing","volume":"8","author":"Kwan","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2006.03.010","article-title":"Discrimination of storage shelf-life for mandarin by electronic nose technique","volume":"40","author":"Gomez","year":"2007","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2007.06.039","article-title":"Monitoring storage shelf life of tomato using electronic nose technique","volume":"85","author":"Gomez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.05.019","article-title":"Discrimination of LongJing green-tea grade by electronic nose","volume":"122","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9179","DOI":"10.3390\/s101009179","article-title":"Development of a portable electronic nose system for the detection and classification of fruity odors","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.03.047","article-title":"Multiclass classification of n-butanol concentrations with k-nearest neighbor algorithm and support vector machine in an electronic nose","volume":"166\u2013167","author":"Guney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensor Actuat. B Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26726","DOI":"10.3390\/s151026726","article-title":"Comparison of different classification methods for analyzing electronic nose data to characterize sesame oils and blends","volume":"15","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guney, S., and Atasoy, A. (2011, January 15\u201318). Classification of n-butanol concentrations with k-NN algorithm and ANN in electronic nose. Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications (INISTA), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/INISTA.2011.5946057"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"61","article-title":"Gas detection via machine learning","volume":"2","author":"Khalaf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Electr. Autom. Control Inf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.3390\/s6101209","article-title":"Monitoring the freshness of Moroccan Sardines with a neural-network based electronic nose","volume":"6","author":"Amari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.17221\/113\/2014-CJFS","article-title":"Development and application of a new low cost electronic nose for the ripeness monitoring of banana using computational techniques (PCA, LDA, SIMCA, and SVM)","volume":"32","author":"Sanaeifar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Czech J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurup, P.U. (2008, January 12\u201313). An electronic nose for detecting hazardous chemicals and explosives. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security, Waltham, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/THS.2008.4534439"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2013.12.016","article-title":"Quality control of Lonicera japonica stored for different months by electronic nose","volume":"91","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(00)00485-8","article-title":"Evaluation of a radial basis function neural network for the determination of wheat quality from electronic nose data","volume":"69","author":"Evans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/14\/2\/306","article-title":"Non-destructive egg freshness determination: An electronic nose based approach","volume":"14","author":"Dutta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(03)00092-3","article-title":"Electronic nose based tea quality standardization","volume":"16","author":"Dutta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-007-9028-7","article-title":"Neural network based electronic nose for classification of tea aroma","volume":"2","author":"Borah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Instrum. Food Qual. Saf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.11.121","article-title":"Neural networks applied to discriminate botanical origin of honeys","volume":"175","author":"Anjos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(99)00288-9","article-title":"Fuzzy ARTMAP based electronic nose data analysis","volume":"61","author":"Llobet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(62)90641-1","article-title":"The hypersphere in pattern recognition","volume":"5","author":"Cooper","year":"1962","journal-title":"Inform. Control"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Hwang, J.N., Choi, J.J., Oh, S., and Marks, R.J. (1990, January 1\u20133). Classification boundaries and gradients of trained multilayer perceptrons. Proceedings of the 1990 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(99)00087-2","article-title":"Support vector domain description","volume":"20","author":"Tax","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5214(03)00129-7","article-title":"An electronic nose and a mass spectrometry-based electronic nose for assessing apple quality during shelf life","volume":"31","author":"Saevels","year":"2004","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(00)00494-9","article-title":"Fruit ripeness monitoring using an electronic nose","volume":"69","author":"Brezmes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.05.008","article-title":"Evaluation of peach quality indices using an electronic nose by MLR, QPST and BP network","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.04.025","article-title":"Study of peach freshness predictive method based on electronic nose","volume":"28","author":"Guohua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2007.06.012","article-title":"Electronic nose as a non-destructive tool to characterise peach cultivars and to monitor their ripening stage during shelf-life","volume":"47","author":"Benedetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2009.11.004","article-title":"Gas sensor array for blueberry fruit disease detection and classification","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1996.tb10912.x","article-title":"Electronic sensing of aromatic volatiles for quality sorting of blueberries","volume":"61","author":"Simon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00867-X","article-title":"Correlation between electronic nose signals and fruit quality indicators on shelf-life measurements with pinklady apples","volume":"80","author":"Brezmes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2016.07.004","article-title":"Online decorrelation of humidity and temperature in chemical sensors for continuous monitoring","volume":"157","author":"Huerta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.02.009","article-title":"A 21st century technique for food control: Electronic noses","volume":"638","author":"Peris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Kuhn, H.W., and Tucker, A.W. (August, January 31). Nonlinear Programming. Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Berkeley, CA, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/9\/2089\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:44:42Z","timestamp":1760208282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/9\/2089"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s17092089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17092089","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]]}}}