{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T18:22:01Z","timestamp":1766514121219,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]],"date-time":"2017-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41604088","41227802","41774118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41604088","41227802","41774118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science Supporting Program Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2017JY0184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017JY0184"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new first break picking for three-component (3C) vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data is proposed to improve the estimation accuracy of first arrivals, which adopts gesture detection calibration and polarization analysis based on the eigenvalue of the covariance matrix. This study aims at addressing the problem that calibration is required for VSP data using the azimuth and dip angle of geophones, due to the direction of geophones being random when applied in a borehole, which will further lead to the first break picking possibly being unreliable. Initially, a gesture-measuring module is integrated in the seismometer to rapidly obtain high-precision gesture data (including azimuth and dip angle information). Using re-rotating and re-projecting using earlier gesture data, the seismic dataset of each component will be calibrated to the direction that is consistent with the vibrator shot orientation. It will promote the reliability of the original data when making each component waveform calibrated to the same virtual reference component, and the corresponding first break will also be properly adjusted. After achieving 3C data calibration, an automatic first break picking algorithm based on the autoregressive-Akaike information criterion (AR-AIC) is adopted to evaluate the first break. Furthermore, in order to enhance the accuracy of the first break picking, the polarization attributes of 3C VSP recordings is applied to constrain the scanning segment of AR-AIC picker, which uses the maximum eigenvalue calculation of the covariance matrix. The contrast results between pre-calibration and post-calibration using field data show that it can further improve the quality of the 3C VSP waveform, which is favorable to subsequent picking. Compared to the obtained short-term average to long-term average (STA\/LTA) and the AR-AIC algorithm, the proposed method, combined with polarization analysis, can significantly reduce the picking error. Applications of actual field experiments have also confirmed that the proposed method may be more suitable for the first break picking of 3C VSP. Test using synthesized 3C seismic data with low SNR indicates that the first break is picked with an error between 0.75 ms and 1.5 ms. Accordingly, the proposed method can reduce the picking error for 3C VSP data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]],"date-time":"2017-09-19T11:04:35Z","timestamp":1505819075000},"page":"2150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A New First Break Picking for Three-Component VSP Data Using Gesture Sensor and Polarization Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Huailiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"},{"name":"Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianguo","family":"Tuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruili","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie","family":"Courtois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minhao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2478.2011.01014.x","article-title":"Optimization approach to automatic first arrival picking for three-component three-dimensional vertical seismic profiling data","volume":"60","author":"Blias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"KS71","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2014-0500.1","article-title":"A review and appraisal of arrival-time picking methods fordownhole microseismic data","volume":"81","author":"Akram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karastathis, V., Aspiotis, T., Tselentis, A., and Russill, N. (2016). Automatic S-Wave Picking based on Time-Frequency Analysis for Passive Seismic Applications, Society of Exploration Geophysicists. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts.","DOI":"10.1190\/segam2016-13962843.1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"V67","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3463703","article-title":"Automatic first-breaks picking: New strategies and algorithms","volume":"75","author":"Sabbione","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Akram, J. (2011). Automatic P-wave arrival time picking method for seismic and micro-seismic data. CSPG CSEG CWLS Convention, CSEG."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.83.3.531","article-title":"Automatic picker developments and optimization: FilterPicker\u2014A robust, broadband picker for real-time seismic monitoring and earthquake early warning","volume":"83","author":"Lomax","year":"2012","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02479221","article-title":"Autoregressive model fitting for control","volume":"23","author":"Akaike","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann. Inst. Stat. Math."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02479833","article-title":"Markovian representation of stochastic processes and its application to the analysis of autoregressive moving average processes","volume":"26","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann. Inst. Stat. Math."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.12.005","article-title":"Identifying P phase arrival of weak events: The Akaike Information Criterion picking application based on the Empirical Mode Decomposition","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03352719","article-title":"Automatic seismic wave arrival detection and picking with stationary analysis: Application of the KM2O-Langevin equations","volume":"59","author":"Nakamula","year":"2007","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"399","article-title":"An environmentally-friendly integrated seismic imaging for coal exploration in the Miocene Soma Basin, Western Turkey","volume":"4","author":"Cankurtaranlar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Oil Gas Coal Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1995.tb03528.x","article-title":"Multicomponent near-surface correction for land VSP data","volume":"1","author":"MacBeth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"V87","DOI":"10.1190\/1.2208935","article-title":"Two methods for determining geophone orientations from VSP data","volume":"71","author":"Zeng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5194\/adgeo-40-11-2014","article-title":"Retrieval of ocean bottom and downhole seismic sensors orientation using integrated MEMS gyroscope and direct rotation measurements","volume":"40","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4294\/zisin1948.38.3_365","article-title":"A method for reading and checking phase times in auto-processing system of seismic wave data","volume":"38","author":"Maeda","year":"1985","journal-title":"Zisin"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Yu, S., Liu, C., Yuan, X., and Liu, S. (2016). A dual-linear kalman filter for real-time orientation determination system using low-cost MEMS sensors. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020264"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Jungletronics (2017, September 18). GY-85\u2014A Quick Datasheet Study. Available online: https:\/\/medium.com\/jungletronics\/gy-85-a-quick-datasheet-study-79019bb36fbf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Matthias, E. (2017, September 18). Arduino Implementation for GY-85 (ADXL345 Accelerometer, ITG3200 Gyroscope and HMC5883L Magnetometer). Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/madc\/GY-85."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5293","DOI":"10.3390\/s150305293","article-title":"Magnetometer-augmented imu simulator: In-depth elaboration","volume":"15","author":"Brunner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang, C.Y., Jeng, J.T., Lai, B.L., Luong, V.S., and Lu, C.C. (2015). Tri-axis magnetometer with in-plane giant magnetoresistance sensors for compass application. J. Appl. Phys., 117.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4916036"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, J., Yang, W., Peng, Z., Tang, T., and Li, Z. (2016). Application of MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes in fast steering mirror control systems. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040440"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagal\u00e0, F., Becker, C., Cappello, A., Chiari, L., Aminian, K., Hausdorff, J.M., Zijlstra, W., and Klenk, J. (2012). Evaluation of accelerometer-based fall detection algorithms on real-world falls. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037062"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Domingues, J.M.B. (2017, September 18). Quadrotor Prototype. Available online: https:\/\/fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt\/downloadFile\/395139421061\/EXTENDED%20ABSTRACT.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.68","article-title":"Model-aided navigation for a quadrotor helicopter: A novel navigation system and first experimental results","volume":"61","author":"Crocoll","year":"2014","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4294\/jpe1952.36.267","article-title":"A new efficient procedure for estimation of onset times of seismic waves","volume":"36","author":"Takanami","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Phys. Earth"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9201(99)00007-2","article-title":"Robust automatic P-phase picking: An online implementation in the analysis of broadband seismogram recordings","volume":"113","author":"Sleeman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1785\/0120000026","article-title":"Comparison of manual and automatic onset time picking","volume":"90","author":"Leonard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1785\/0120020241","article-title":"Automatic p-wave arrival detection and picking with multiscale wavelet analysis for single component recordings","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggu267","article-title":"Automatic picking of direct P, S seismic phases and fault zone head waves","volume":"199","author":"Ross","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1785\/0120120347","article-title":"An automatic kurtosis-based P-and S-phase picker designed for local seismic networks","volume":"104","author":"Baillard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1725","article-title":"Polarization analysis of three-component array data","volume":"78","author":"Jurkevics","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kanasewich, E.R. (1981). Time Sequence Analysis in Geophysics, University of Alberta."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Wang, X.Z. (2004). Study on Application of Wavelet Transform in Compressing Seismic Data and Picking the Onset Time of Seismic Phase. [Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration]."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Jin, Z.L. (2016). Micro-seismic Wave First Arrival auto Pickup and Source Location Effect Analysis. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Jilin University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Trnkoczy, A. (2017, September 18). Understanding and Parameter Setting of STA\/LTA Trigger Algorithm. Available online: http:\/\/gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de\/pubman\/item\/escidoc:4097:2\/component\/escidoc:4098\/IS_8.1_rev1.pdf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/9\/2150\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:45:22Z","timestamp":1760208322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/9\/2150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s17092150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17092150","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]]}}}