{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:15:21Z","timestamp":1760242521404,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["FPU15\/03977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU15\/03977"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TEC2015\u201068284\u2010R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2015\u201068284\u2010R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Autonomous Region of Madrid","award":["P2013\/ICE\u2010301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2013\/ICE\u2010301"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyber-Physical Social Sensing (CPSS) is a new trend in the context of pervasive sensing. In these new systems, various domains coexist in time, evolve together and influence each other. Thus, application-specific tools are necessary for specifying and validating designs and simulating systems. However, nowadays, different tools are employed to simulate each domain independently. Mainly, the cause of the lack of co-simulation instruments to simulate all domains together is the extreme difficulty of combining and synchronizing various tools. In order to reduce that difficulty, an adequate architecture for the final co-simulator must be selected. Therefore, in this paper the authors investigate and propose a methodology for the design of CPSS co-simulation tools. The paper describes the four steps that software architects should follow in order to design the most adequate co-simulator for a certain application, considering the final users\u2019 needs and requirements and various additional factors such as the development team\u2019s experience. Moreover, the first practical use case of the proposed methodology is provided. An experimental validation is also included in order to evaluate the performing of the proposed co-simulator and to determine the correctness of the proposal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T11:03:15Z","timestamp":1506078195000},"page":"2177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Methodology for the Design of Application-Specific Cyber-Physical Social Sensing Co-Simulators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7815-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borja Bordel","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telematics Systems Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense n\u00b0 30, 28040 Madrid (Espa\u00f1a), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1183-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Alcarria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Topographic Engineering and Cartography, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Campus Sur, 28031 Madrid (Espa\u00f1a), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Picot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telematics Systems Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense n\u00b0 30, 28040 Madrid (Espa\u00f1a), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4097-4737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"S\u00e1nchez-de-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telematics Systems Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense n\u00b0 30, 28040 Madrid (Espa\u00f1a), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2011.69","article-title":"Cyber-physical-social systems for command and control","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. 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