{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T05:44:09Z","timestamp":1773726249464,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of sensor networks, big marine data arises. To efficiently use these data to predict thermoclines, we propose a machine learning approach. We firstly focus on analyzing how temperature, salinity, and geographic location features affect the formation of thermocline. Then, an improved model based on entropy value method for the thermocline selection is demonstrated. The experiments adopt BOA Argo data sets and the experimental results show that our novel model can predict thermoclines and related data effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T11:22:44Z","timestamp":1506597764000},"page":"2225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Machine Learning Approach to Argo Data Analysis in a Thermocline"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengquan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"The general distribution characteristics of thermocline of China Sea","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"40","article-title":"Monthly analysis of characteristics of northern South China Sea thermocline change","volume":"28","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"316","article-title":"Influence of main ocean environments on the navigation of underwater vehicles","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"CAAI Trans. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Zhou, Z. (2016). Machine Learning, Tsinghua University Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL026070","article-title":"Seasonal temperature variation below the thermocline detected by Argo floats","volume":"33","author":"Hosoda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Daya bay thermocline formation and its influence to the related environmental elements","volume":"25","author":"Yin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Shear instability of basic flow in a two-layer equatorial ocean model","volume":"65","author":"Chao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"145","article-title":"The equator unstable wave numerical simulation analysis of the impact of air-sea interaction","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., K\u00f6hl, A., Liu, Z., Wang, F., and Stammer, D. (2016). Deep-reaching thermocline mixing in the equatorial pacific cold tongue. Nat. Commun., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11576"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"393","article-title":"A method of calculating the shelf sea thermocline characteristics-step function approximation method","volume":"21","author":"Ge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"127","article-title":"The methods of detecting thermoclines in oceans by AUV: A review","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ocean Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5194\/os-5-59-2009","article-title":"Towards closure of regional heat budgets in the North Atlantic using Argo floats and surface flux datasets","volume":"6","author":"Wells","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadfield, R.E., Wells, N.C., Josey, S.A., and Hirschi, J.J.-M. (2007). On the accuracy of North Atlantic temperature and heat storage fields from Argo. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC003825"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007165","article-title":"Argo array observation of ocean heat content changes induced by tropical cyclones in the north Pacific","volume":"116","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1134\/S0001437010020013","article-title":"Statistical structure of spatial variability of the ocean thermohaline fields from argo profiling data, 2005\u20132007","volume":"50","author":"Resnyanskii","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oceanology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2016.12.008","article-title":"Coherent heat patterns revealed by unsupervised classification of Argo temperature profiles in the North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"151","author":"Maze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"69","article-title":"Ocean thermocline eigenvalue analysis and calculation","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"20","article-title":"Comparative analysis of thermocline boundary between vertical gradient method and optimal segmentation method","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"64","article-title":"Comparison of the calculation methods of the thermocline depth of the South China Sea","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007246","article-title":"Seasonal thermocline in the China Seas and northwestern Pacific Ocean","volume":"117","author":"Hao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2225\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:46:13Z","timestamp":1760208373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s17102225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17102225","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]]}}}