{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T11:53:08Z","timestamp":1769169188865,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,29]],"date-time":"2017-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Graphene-based composites have gained great attention in the field of gas sensor fabrication due to their higher surface area with additional functional groups. Decorating one-dimensional (1D) semiconductor nanomaterials on graphene also show potential benefits in gas sensing applications. Here we demonstrate the one-pot and low cost synthesis of W18O49 NWs\/rGO composites with different amount of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) which show excellent gas-sensing properties towards toluene and strong dependence on their chemical composition. As compared to pure W18O49 NWs, an improved gas sensing response (2.8 times higher) was achieved in case of W18O49 NWs composite with 0.5 wt. % rGO. Promisingly, this strategy can be extended to prepare other nanowire based composites with excellent gas-sensing performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,29]],"date-time":"2017-09-29T12:24:04Z","timestamp":1506687844000},"page":"2245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Ultrathin Tungsten Oxide Nanowires\/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for Toluene Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Ran","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomaterials & Environment Detection Laboratory, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9237-1025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Fu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(94)01278-P","article-title":"Recent developments in semiconducting thin-film gas sensors","volume":"23","author":"Sberveglieri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(95)85137-2","article-title":"Zinc-oxide-based semiconductor sensors for detecting acetone and capronaldehyde in the vapour of consomme soup","volume":"25","author":"Anno","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2005.09.041","article-title":"Electric properties and acetone-sensing characteristics of La1\u2212xPbx FeO3 perovskite system","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.10.024","article-title":"Alcohols and acetone sensing properties of SnO2 thin films deposited by dip-coating","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3156509","article-title":"An Acetone Nanosensor for Non-invasive Diabetes Detection","volume":"1137","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.08.053","article-title":"Growth and selective acetone detection based on ZnO nanorod arrays","volume":"143","author":"Zeng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.6b00104","article-title":"Simultaneously controllable doping sites and the activity of a W-N codoped TiO2 photocatalyst","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling, M., Blackman, C.S., Palgrave, R.G., Sotelo-Vazquez, C., Kafizas, A., and Parkin, I.P. (2017). Correlation of Optical Properties, Electronic Structure, and Photocatalytic Activity in Nanostructured Tungsten Oxide. Adv. Mater. Interface.","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201700064"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40928","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40928","article-title":"Hexagonal tungsten oxide nanoflowers as enzymatic mimetics and electrocatalysts","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00028","article-title":"Detection of Methanol with Fast Response by Monodispersed Indium Tungsten Oxide Ellipsoidal Nanospheres","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9921","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b03227","article-title":"Large Area Co-Assembly of Nanowires for Flexible Transparent Smart Windows","volume":"139","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b00870","article-title":"Pd Nanoparticles Coupled to WO2. 72 Nanorods for Enhanced Electrochemical Oxidation of Formic Acid","volume":"17","author":"Xi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5712","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b01983","article-title":"AgPd Nanoparticles Deposited on WO2. 72 Nanorods as an Efficient Catalyst for One-Pot Conversion of Nitrophenol\/Nitroacetophenone into Benzoxazole\/Quinazoline","volume":"139","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W.B., Ma, X.J., and Kong, L.B. (2017). Nanocrystalline Intermetallic Tungsten Carbide: Nanoscaled Solidoid Synthesis, Nonfaradaic Pseudocapacitive Property, and Electrode Material Application. Adv. Mater. Interface.","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201700099"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1929872","article-title":"Room-temperature semiconductor gas sensor based on nonstoichiometric tungsten oxide nanorod film","volume":"86","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.02.006","article-title":"Novel hexagonal WO3 nanopowder with metal decorated carbon nanotubes as NO2 gas sensor","volume":"133","author":"Llobet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1039\/B400872C","article-title":"NH3 interaction with chromium-doped WO3 nanocrystalline powders for gas sensing applications","volume":"14","author":"Jimenez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.01.004","article-title":"Room temperature ammonia sensing properties of W18O49 nanowires","volume":"137","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.06.055","article-title":"Fabrication of WO3 nanodot-based microsensors highly sensitive to hydrogen","volume":"149","author":"Calavia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2011.1409","article-title":"A hydrogen gas sensor based on Pt\/nanostructured WO3\/SiC Schottky diode","volume":"9","author":"Shafiei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.11.098","article-title":"Optical response of WO3 nanostructured thin films sputtered on different transparent substrates towards hydrogen of low concentration","volume":"177","author":"Yaacob","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.05.029","article-title":"Hydrogen sensors based on 2D WO3 nanosheets prepared by anodization","volume":"251","author":"Rahmani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.11.037","article-title":"Thermal treatment effects on the material and gas-sensing properties of room-temperature tungsten oxide nanorod sensors","volume":"137","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.02.014","article-title":"The novel CO sensing material CoOOH\u2013WO3 with Au and SWCNT performance enhancement","volume":"138","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9035","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201403817","article-title":"Highly ordered mesoporous tungsten oxides with a large pore size and crystalline framework for H2S sensing","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.01.023","article-title":"Cobalt nanograins effect on the ozone detection by WO3 sensors","volume":"132","author":"Belkacem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.10.055","article-title":"A nanowire WO3 humidity sensor integrated with micro-heater and inverting amplifier circuit on chip manufactured using CMOS-MEMS technique","volume":"123","author":"Dai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.04.011","article-title":"Electrical response of Sm2O3-doped SnO2 to C2H2 and effect of humidity interference","volume":"134","author":"Qi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.04.035","article-title":"Micromachined nanocrystalline silver doped SnO2 H2S sensor","volume":"114","author":"Gong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-006-3707-9","article-title":"Sensors for the nitrogen oxides, NO2, NO and N2O, based on In2O3 and WO3 nanowires","volume":"85","author":"Rout","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124504","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2748627","article-title":"WO3 nanofibers for gas sensing applications","volume":"101","author":"Piperno","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.08.031","article-title":"Glucose-mediated hydrothermal synthesis and gas sensing characteristics of WO3 hollow microspheres","volume":"142","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1021\/nl050082v","article-title":"Enhanced gas sensing by individual SnO2 nanowires and nanobelts functionalized with Pd catalyst particles","volume":"5","author":"Kolmakov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1039\/c0nr00159g","article-title":"Pt surface modification of SnO2 nanorod arrays for CO and H2 sensors","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14090","DOI":"10.1021\/la302590g","article-title":"Ultrahigh sensitivity of Au\/1D \u03b1-Fe2O3 to acetone and the sensing mechanism","volume":"28","author":"Gunawan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444005","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/24\/44\/444005","article-title":"Electronic sensitization of the response to C2H5OH of p-type NiO nanofibers by Fe doping","volume":"24","author":"Yoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1021\/nl9035109","article-title":"Anchoring semiconductor and metal nanoparticles on a two-dimensional catalyst mat. Storing and shuttling electrons with reduced graphene oxide","volume":"10","author":"Lightcap","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.11.023","article-title":"Enhanced gas sensing properties to acetone vapor achieved by \u03b1-Fe2O3 particles ameliorated with reduced graphene oxide sheets","volume":"241","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.02.056","article-title":"ZnO nanosheets\/graphene oxide nanocomposites for highly effective acetone vapor detection","volume":"230","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13796","DOI":"10.1021\/jp104459s","article-title":"Platinum\/graphene nanosheet\/SiC contacts and their application for hydrogen gas sensing","volume":"114","author":"Shafiei","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8525","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm16709c","article-title":"WO3 nanorods\/graphene nanocomposites for high-efficiency visible-light-driven photocatalysis and NO2 gas sensing","volume":"22","author":"An","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.02.197","article-title":"Graphene-tungsten oxide nanocomposites with highly enhanced gas-sensing performance","volume":"705","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23107","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b03702","article-title":"Single and Networked ZnO\u2013CNT Hybrid Tetrapods for Selective Room-Temperature High-Performance Ammonia Sensors","volume":"9","author":"Postica","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7392","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an01209c","article-title":"Enhancing the sensitivity of chemiresistor gas sensors based on pristine carbon nanotubes to detect low-ppb ammonia concentrations in the environment","volume":"138","author":"Rigoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2003.12.019","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes as SAW chemical sensors materials","volume":"100","author":"Penza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.03.116","article-title":"Gas sensor arrays based on polymer-carbon black to detect organic vapors at low concentration","volume":"113","author":"Xie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4628(20010207)79:6<1062::AID-APP90>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Application of polymer-coated quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as a sensor for BTEX compounds vapors","volume":"79","author":"Mirmohseni","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073504","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3627162","article-title":"Optical detection of organic vapors using cholesteric liquid crystals","volume":"99","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00718-3","article-title":"Recognition of volatile organic compounds using SnO2 sensor array and pattern recognition analysis","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sensor. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.01.057","article-title":"Gas sensing characteristics and porosity control of nanostructured films composed of TiO2 nanotubes","volume":"137","author":"Seo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.11.042","article-title":"Synthesis and toluene sensing properties of SnO2 nanofibers","volume":"137","author":"Qi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.01.038","article-title":"Development of a WO3 thick-film-based sensor for the detection of VOC","volume":"108","author":"Kanda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.03.071","article-title":"Enhanced toluene sensing characteristics of TiO2-doped flowerlike ZnO nanostructures","volume":"140","author":"Zeng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2012.12.002","article-title":"Facile dip coating processed graphene\/MnO2 nanostructured sponges as high performance supercapacitor electrodes","volume":"2","author":"Ge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201107681","article-title":"Ultrathin W18O49 Nanowires with Diameters below 1 nm: Synthesis, Near-Infrared Absorption, Photoluminescence, and Photochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide","volume":"51","author":"Xi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6173","DOI":"10.1021\/la990477s","article-title":"Study of the Interaction between Simple Molecules and W\u2212Sn-Based Oxide Catalysts. 1. The Case of WO3 Powders","volume":"16","author":"Tocchetto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1039\/c0nj00283f","article-title":"One-pot preparation of graphene\/Fe3O4 composites by a solvothermal reaction","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.08.067","article-title":"SnO2 nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for NO2 sensing at low operating temperature","volume":"190","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1007429","article-title":"Graphene nanomesh by ZnO nanorod photocatalysts","volume":"4","author":"Akhavan","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10683","DOI":"10.1021\/jp3085759","article-title":"Graphene oxide as a practical solution to high sensitivity gas sensing","volume":"117","author":"Prezioso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055705","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/22\/5\/055705","article-title":"Temperature dependence of graphene oxide reduced by hydrazine hydrate","volume":"22","author":"Ren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1021\/nn700349a","article-title":"Graphene oxide papers modified by divalent ions-enhancing mechanical properties via chemical cross-linking","volume":"2","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9101","DOI":"10.1021\/am402487h","article-title":"Fabrication of \u03b1-Fe2O3 nanorod\/RGO composite: A novel hybrid photocatalyst for phenol degradation","volume":"5","author":"Pradhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2015.12.169","article-title":"ZnO quantum dots-graphene composites: Formation mechanism and enhanced photocatalytic activity for degradation of methyl orange dye","volume":"663","author":"Tayyebi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloys Comp."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.01.030","article-title":"Resistive CO gas sensors based on In2O3 and InSnOx nanopowders synthesized via starch-aided sol\u2013gel process for automotive applications","volume":"132","author":"Neri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8743","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b01071","article-title":"Highly enhanced sensing properties for ZnO nanoparticle-decorated round-edged \u03b1-Fe2O3 hexahedrons","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199567101699","article-title":"Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods including detection and quantification capabilities (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)","volume":"67","author":"Currie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2245\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:46:14Z","timestamp":1760208374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,29]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s17102245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17102245","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,29]]}}}