{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T20:03:16Z","timestamp":1767902596898,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,30]],"date-time":"2017-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.51477138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.51477138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2017ZDXM-GY-130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZDXM-GY-130"]}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an City Science and Technology Project","award":["2017080CG\/RC043(XALG009)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017080CG\/RC043(XALG009)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sandwiched piezoelectric transducers are widely used, especially in high power applications. For more convenient analysis and design, a PSpice lossy model of sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers in longitudinal vibration is proposed by means of the one-dimensional wave and transmission line theories. With the proposed model, the resonance and antiresonance frequencies are obtained, and it is shown that the simulations and measurements have good consistency. For the purpose of further verification the accuracy and application of the PSpice model, a pitch-catch setup and an experimental platform are built. They include two sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers and two aluminum cylinders whose lengths are 20 mm and 100 mm respectively. Based on this pitch-catch setup, the impedance and transient analysis are performed. Compared with the measured results, it is shown that the simulated results have good consistency. In addition, the conclusion can be drawn that the optimal excitation frequency for the pitch-catch setup is not necessarily the resonance frequency of ultrasonic transducers, because the resonance frequency is obtained under no load. The proposed PSpice model of the sandwiched piezoelectric transducer is more conveniently applied to combine with other circuits such as driving circuits, filters, amplifiers, and so on.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,2]],"date-time":"2017-10-02T13:10:05Z","timestamp":1506949805000},"page":"2253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["PSpice Modeling of a Sandwich Piezoelectric Ceramic Ultrasonic Transducer in Longitudinal Vibration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenqing","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0571-3697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2005.09.002","article-title":"Study on the Langevin piezoelectric ceramic ultrasonic transducer of longitudinal-flexural composite vibration mode","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075026","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/7\/075026","article-title":"Analytical modeling and experimental validation of a V-shape piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. 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[3rd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2253\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:46:22Z","timestamp":1760208382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,30]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s17102253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17102253","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,30]]}}}