{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:30:48Z","timestamp":1777516248706,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]],"date-time":"2017-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, a combination of far field electrospinning (FFES) and free-radical polymerization has been used to create a unique platform for protein immobilization via the physical attachment of biomolecules to the surface of the fiber mats. The large specific surface area of the fibers with its tailored chemistry provides a desirable platform for effective analyte-surface interaction. The detailed analysis of protein immobilization on a newly developed bio-receptive surface plays a vital role to gauge its advantages in bio-diagnostic applications. We relied on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diameter range analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), along with thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), water-in-air contact angle analysis (WCA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study our developed platforms and to provide valuable information regarding the presence of biomolecular entities on the surface. Detailed analyses of the fiber mats before and after antibody immobilization have shown obvious changes on the surface of the bioreceptive surface including: (i) an additional peak corresponding to the presence of an antibody in TGA analysis; (ii) extra FTIR peaks corresponding to the presence of antibodies on the coated fiber platforms; and (iii) a clear alteration in surface roughness recorded by AFM analysis. Confirmation analyses on protein immobilization are of great importance as they underlay substantial grounds for various biosensing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]],"date-time":"2017-10-09T11:25:35Z","timestamp":1507548335000},"page":"2292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Polymethacrylate Coated Electrospun PHB Fibers as a Functionalized Platform for Bio-Diagnostics: Confirmation Analysis on the Presence of Immobilized IgG Antibodies against Dengue Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Samira","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1918-4247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedram","family":"Azari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Applied Biomechanics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Rodriguez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Pingguan-Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Madou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Chapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200300541","article-title":"ProteoChip: A highly sensitive protein microarray prepared by a novel method of protein immobilization for application of protein-protein interaction studies","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, S.-R., Reddy, P.M., Chang, C.-J., Kumar, A., Wu, W.-C., and Lin, H.-Y. (2016). Exploring the behavior of bovine serum albumin in response to changes in the chemical composition of responsive polymers: Experimental and simulation studies. Polymers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8060238"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini, S., Aeinehvand, M.M., Uddin, S.M., Benzina, A., Rothan, H.A., Yusof, R., Koole, L.H., Madou, M.J., Djordjevic, I., and Ibrahim, F. (2015). Microsphere integrated microfluidic disk: Synergy of two techniques for rapid and ultrasensitive dengue detection. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16485"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an01789c","article-title":"Recent advances in surface functionalization techniques on polymethacrylate materials for optical biosensor applications","volume":"139","author":"Hosseini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2014.09.017","article-title":"Structural and end-group analysis of synthetic acrylate co-polymers by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Distribution of pendant carboxyl groups","volume":"40","author":"Hosseini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2005.05.002","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of properties of electrospun poly(butylene terephthalate) nanofibers filled with carbon nanotubes","volume":"24","author":"Mathew","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1039\/b310359e","article-title":"Protein immobilization on carbon nanotubes via a two-step process of diimide-activated amidation","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.08.167","article-title":"Synthesis and Processing of ELISA Polymer Substitute: The Influence of Surface Chemistry and Morphology on Detection Sensitivity","volume":"317","author":"Hosseini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-7814\/9\/1\/303","article-title":"On the Production, Properties, and some suggested Uses of the Finest Threads","volume":"9","author":"Boys","year":"1887","journal-title":"Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2013.12.007","article-title":"PHB-PEO electrospun fiber membranes containing chlorhexidine for drug delivery applications","volume":"34","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.08.037","article-title":"Nanofibrous membranes for single-step immobilization of hyperthermophilic enzymes","volume":"472","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.09.038","article-title":"Paper-based chemical and biological sensors: Engineering aspects","volume":"77","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moyers-Montoya, E., Garc\u00eda-Casillas, P., Vargas-Requena, C., Escobedo-Gonz\u00e1lez, R., Martel-Estrada, S.-A., and Mart\u00ednez-P\u00e9rez, C.A. (2016). Polycaprolactone\/Amino-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Prepared by an Electrospinning Technique. Polymers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8110395"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.02.034","article-title":"Polymethacrylate coated electrospun PHB fibers: An exquisite outlook for fabrication of paper-based biosensors","volume":"69","author":"Hosseini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2005.07.038","article-title":"Surface modified nonwoven polysulphone (PSU) fiber mesh by electrospinning: A novel affinity membrane","volume":"272","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, S., and Wang, Y. (2016). Patterned Fibers Embedded Microfluidic Chips Based on PLA and PDMS for Ag Nanoparticle Safety Testing. Polymers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8110402"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2014.08.010","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of methacrylic microspheres for biomolecular recognition: Ultrasensitive biosensor for dengue virus detection","volume":"60","author":"Hosseini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1996.0075","article-title":"Adsorption of BSA on highly carboxylated microspheres\u2014Quantitative effects of surface functional groups and interaction forces","volume":"177","author":"Yoon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2015.04.001","article-title":"Aging effect and antibody immobilization on \u2013COOH exposed surfaces designed for dengue virus detection","volume":"99","author":"Hosseini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6-345","DOI":"10.1179\/1432891714Z.0000000001024","article-title":"Improved processability of electrospun poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] through blending with medium-chain length poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) produced by Pseudomonas putida from oleic acid","volume":"18","author":"Azari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Innov."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2015.1030648","article-title":"Electrospun Biopolyesters as Drug Screening Platforms for Corneal Keratocytes","volume":"64","author":"Azari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2007.04.002","article-title":"Polymer surface modification for the attachment of bioactive compounds","volume":"32","author":"Goddard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini, S., Azari, P., Aeinehvand, M.M., Rothan, H.A., Djordjevic, I., Martinez-Chapa, S.O., and Madou, M.J. (2016). Intrant ELISA: A Novel Approach to Fabrication of Electrospun Fiber Mat-Assisted Biosensor Platforms and Their Integration within Standard Analytical Well Plates. Appl. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/app6110336"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.07.004","article-title":"A novel approach for application of nylon membranes in the biosensing domain","volume":"353","author":"Farahmand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1039\/B712575P","article-title":"Progess in superhydrophobic surface development","volume":"4","author":"Roach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14135","DOI":"10.1021\/la902098a","article-title":"Range of applicability of the Wenzel and Cassie\u2212Baxter equations for superhydrophobic surfaces","volume":"25","author":"Erbil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.04.004","article-title":"Environmental degradation of lignin\/poly(hydroxybutyrate) blends","volume":"97","author":"Mousavioun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200300093","article-title":"Polymer Alloys of Nodax Copolymers and Poly(lactic acid)","volume":"4","author":"Noda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1002\/app.12249","article-title":"Thermal degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) as studied by TG, TG\u2013FTIR, and Py\u2013GC\/MS","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14536","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.25.14536","article-title":"Pharmacologic shifting of a balance between protein refolding and degradation mediated by Hsp90","volume":"93","author":"Schneider","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.1992.080301113","article-title":"Thermal degradation of polymethacrylic acid","volume":"30","author":"Ho","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.02.099","article-title":"Electrospinning of poly(MMA-co-MAA) copolymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites for improved thermal properties","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(02)00267-7","article-title":"Thermal degradation of edible films based on milk proteins and gelatin in inert atmosphere","volume":"79","author":"Barreto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(85)81177-2","article-title":"Thermal Stability of Whey Proteins\u2014A Calorimetric Study","volume":"68","author":"Bernal","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Zuchner, T. (2017, September 28). Working with Proteins: Protein Stability and Storage\u2014A Brief Guide. Available online: http:\/\/research.uni-leipzig.de\/uspdu\/docs\/Protein%20guide_Storage_Working.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10950","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150610950","article-title":"Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)\/ZnO bionanocomposites with improved mechanical, barrier and antibacterial properties","volume":"15","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Reusch, W. (2013). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Michigan State University."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"45","article-title":"Production of PHB and P (HB-co-HV) biopolymers by using Alcaligenes eutrophus","volume":"13","author":"Nurbas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Iran. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuart, B.H. (2004). Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470011149"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.1989.021900703","article-title":"Synthesis of poly(\u03b1-malic acid) and its hydrolysis behavior in vitro","volume":"190","author":"Ouchi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Ploym."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005602911977","article-title":"Screening of poly-\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate-producing microorganisms using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","volume":"22","author":"Misra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Gallagher, W. (2017, September 28). FTIR Analysis of Protein Structure. Available online: http:\/\/www.chem.uwec.edu\/chem455_S05\/Pages\/Manuals\/FTIR_of_proteins.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.21038","article-title":"High-pressure infrared absorption spectroscopy of poly(methyl methacrylate)","volume":"45","author":"Emmons","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuptsov, A.H., and Zhizhin, G.N. (1998). Handbook of Fourier Transform Raman and Infrared Spectra of Polymers, Elsevier Science.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-318X(98)80016-7"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7270.2007.00320.x","article-title":"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Protein Secondary Structures","volume":"39","author":"Kong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-006-0142-8","article-title":"FTIR and nDSC as analytical tools for high-concentration protein formulations","volume":"23","author":"Matheus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Voet, D.V., and Judith, G. (2004). Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.22123","article-title":"Development of a microflow digital imaging assay to characterize protein particulates during storage of a high concentration IgG1 monoclonal antibody formulation","volume":"99","author":"Wuchner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.1021\/la971288h","article-title":"Characterization of Polyelectrolyte\u2014Protein Multilayer Films by Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection\u2014Absorption Spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Caruso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2004.01.046","article-title":"Protein adsorption onto polystyrene surfaces studied by XPS and AFM","volume":"553","author":"Browne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.12.012","article-title":"Surface immobilization of DNA aptamers for biosensing and protein interaction analysis","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Shaw, D.J. (1980). Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Taylors & Francis. [4th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2292\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:46:48Z","timestamp":1760208408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s17102292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17102292","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]]}}}