{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:17:23Z","timestamp":1774610243087,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]],"date-time":"2017-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) employ multichannel to provide a variety of safety and non-safety (transport efficiency and infotainment) applications, based on the IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609.4 protocols. Different types of applications require different levels Quality-of-Service (QoS) support. Recently, transport efficiency and infotainment applications (e.g., electronic map download and Internet access) have received more and more attention, and this kind of applications is expected to become a big market driver in a near future. In this paper, we propose an Efficient and QoS supported Multichannel Medium Access Control (EQM-MAC) protocol for VANETs in a highway environment. The EQM-MAC protocol utilizes the service channel resources for non-safety message transmissions during the whole synchronization interval, and it dynamically adjusts minimum contention window size for different non-safety services according to the traffic conditions. Theoretical model analysis and extensive simulation results show that the EQM-MAC protocol can support QoS services, while ensuring the high saturation throughput and low transmission delay for non-safety applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]],"date-time":"2017-10-09T11:25:35Z","timestamp":1507548335000},"page":"2293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["An Efficient and QoS Supported Multichannel MAC Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3897-7629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caixia","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"},{"name":"College of Science and Information, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}]},{"given":"Guozhen","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.061411.00019","article-title":"Vehicular Networking: A Survey and Tutorial on Requirements, Architectures, Challenges, Standards and Solutions","volume":"13","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2440374","article-title":"TDMA-Based MAC Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey, Qualitative Analysis, and Open Research Issues","volume":"17","author":"Hadded","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2440103","article-title":"Heterogeneous Vehicular Networking: A Survey on Architecture, Challenges, and Solutions","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2010.09.013","article-title":"Enhancing IEEE 802.11p\/WAVE to provide infotainment applications in VANETs","volume":"10","author":"Amadeo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Leng, S., Zhang, Y., and Fu, H. (2011, January 15\u201318). A QoS Supported Multi-Channel MAC for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2011.5956230"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradai, A., and Ahmed, T. (2014, January 18\u201321). ReViV: Selective rebroadcast mechanism for video streaming over VANET. Proceedings of the 79th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2014.7023171"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rene, S., Exposito, E., Gineste, M., Alins, J., and Esparza, O. (2015, January 11\u201314). Multipath TCP Architecture for Infotainment Multimedia Applications in Vehicular Networks. Proceedings of the 81st IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2015.7145942"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2007.907233","article-title":"Clustering-based multichannel MAC protocols for QoS provisionings over vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"56","author":"Su","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"IEEE (2010). IEEE Standard for Information Technology\u2014Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Specific Requirements\u2014Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments, IEEE. IEEE Std. 802.11p-2010 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.11-2007 as Amended by IEEE Std 802.11k-2008, IEEE Std. 802.11r-2008, IEEE Std 802.11y-2008, IEEE Std. 802.11n-2009, and IEEE Std 802.11w-2009)."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE)\u2013Multi-Channel Operation, and IEEE Std (2011). IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE)\u2013Multi-Channel Operation, IEEE. IEEE Std. 1609.4-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std. 1609.4-2006)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"IEEE (2005). IEEE Standard for Information technology\u2013Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2013Specific Requirements\u2013Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium AccessControl (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications\u2014Amendment 8: Medium Access Control (MAC) Quality of Service Enhancements, IEEE. IEEE Std. 802.11e-2005 (Amendment to IEEE Std. 802.11, 1999 Edition (Reaff 2003)."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2007.1075","article-title":"Comparison of Multichannel MAC Protocols","volume":"7","author":"Mo","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2440994","article-title":"Optimizing the Control Channel Interval of the DSRC for Vehicular Safety Applications","volume":"65","author":"Hafeez","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2014.2316822","article-title":"A Distributed Multi-Channel MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks","volume":"14","author":"Almotairi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2011.2171951","article-title":"An IEEE 802.11p-Based Multichannel MAC Scheme with Channel Coordination for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6508","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2475165","article-title":"Coordinated Multichannel MAC Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2012.142","article-title":"VeMAC: A TDMA-Based MAC Protocol for Reliable Broadcast in VANETs","volume":"12","author":"Omar","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2016.07.007","article-title":"APDM: An adaptive multi-priority distributed multichannel MAC protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks in unsaturated conditions","volume":"104","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"95","article-title":"Application oriented cross-layer multi-channel MAC protocol for VANET","volume":"37","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2012.2205596","article-title":"A Novel Distributed Asynchronous Multichannel MAC Scheme for Large-Scale Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"61","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6515061","article-title":"Multichannel communications in vehicular ad hoc networks: A survey","volume":"51","author":"Campolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, C., and Tan, G. (2017). A Coordinated Reliable and Efficient Multichannel MAC Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Comput. Commun., (submitted).","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102293"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2010.06.005","article-title":"Provisioning QoS controlled media access in vehicular to infrastructure communications","volume":"10","author":"Luan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2009.5361176","article-title":"Control-based scheduling with QoS support for vehicle to infrastructure communications","volume":"16","author":"Alcaraz","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, N., Lu, N., Wang, P., Wang, X., and Liu, F. (2011, January 14\u201316). A QoS-provision multi-channel MAC in RSU-assisted vehicular networks (poster). Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC.2011.6117142"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Cha, J.R., and Kim, J.H. (2005, January 20\u201322). Novel Anti-collision Algorithms for Fast Object Identification in RFID System. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS\u201905), Fukuoka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1023\/B:WINE.0000028540.96160.8a","article-title":"ADHOC MAC: New MAC architecture for ad hoc networks providing efficient and reliable point-to-point and broadcast services","volume":"10","author":"Borgonovo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2008.109","article-title":"Cooperative Asynchronous Multichannel MAC: Design, Analysis, and Implementation","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, F., and Krishnamachari, B. (2009, January 25). Spatio-temporal variations of vehicle traffic in VANETs: Facts and implications. Proceedings of the ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Internetworking, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/1614269.1614278"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4198","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2013.2284594","article-title":"Performance and reliability analysis of IEEE 802.11 p safety communication in a highway environment","volume":"62","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2005.850328","article-title":"Performance analysis of priority schemes for IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.11e wireless LANs","volume":"4","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1109\/49.840210","article-title":"Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function","volume":"18","author":"Bianchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.360372","article-title":"MAC Access Delay of IEEE 802.11 DCF","volume":"6","author":"Sakurai","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2009.2029101","article-title":"Rethinking the IEEE 802.11e EDCA Performance Modeling Methodology","volume":"18","author":"Tinnirello","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2017, October 09). NS3. Available online: https:\/\/www.nsnam.org\/releases\/."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:46:48Z","timestamp":1760208408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s17102293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17102293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]]}}}